186 lines
23 KiB
XML
186 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A0A344338E7DCCB0CD20B475058BD8BF">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="344AD42EC147505178BC20A7986A062A">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="975309E78A3A3C7664E1FC09B6D5FE6D" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="08D47708E92EAB002366BA5FC21F1BBB">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="78A29DC62274EE419F729B40537DF29F" type="email">phil.alderslade@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F33F865FBD820FEF316777AD2352B8A8">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F411AEFC944CB2D3E11B401BCC269E1E" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="CA3633FCB6934C99262FC9FEA6027F41">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="459BD9A84EE403BAA1CDA56F249CE0FD">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EF7EF06C2011080DAB118BBC23900E69">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B42FFF9FF56FA8FFEBCFDF2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639693" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639693" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B42FFF9FF56FA8FFEBCFDF2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B42FFF9FF56FA8FFEBCFDF2" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B42FFF8FF56FA8FFD7EFA5F" box="[151,640,1398,1425]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FA8FFD7EFA5F" blockId="84.[151,640,1398,1425]" box="[151,640,1398,1425]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B42FFF8FF56FA8FFD7EFA5F" bold="true" box="[151,640,1398,1425]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF56FA8FFD7EFA5F" ID-CoL="39BPP" authority="(Simpson, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,640,1398,1425]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF56FA8FFD7EFA5F" bold="true" box="[151,640,1398,1425]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF56FA8FFE4EFA5E" bold="true" box="[151,432,1398,1425]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ellisella andamanensis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FE01FA8FFD86FA5F" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[448,632,1398,1424]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B42FFF8FF56FA42FD59F9D4" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FA42FC54FA1C" blockId="84.[151,938,1467,1491]" box="[151,938,1467,1491]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B42FFF8FF56FA42FC54FA1C" box="[151,938,1467,1491]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B42FFF8FF56FA42FD5EFA1C" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[151,672,1467,1491]" page="107" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF56FA42FD5EFA1C" ID-CoL="8LTG8" authority="Simpson, 1910: 106 - 107" authorityName="Simpson" authorityPageNumber="106 - 107" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,672,1467,1491]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF56FA42FE67FA1C" box="[151,409,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Scirpearia andamanensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FE61FA42FD5EFA1C" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[416,672,1467,1491]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson, 1910: 106–107</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 97–101 (Andamans).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56F9F8FD59F9D4" blockId="84.[151,679,1537,1563]" box="[151,679,1537,1563]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Opinion: This species does occur in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B42FFF9FF56F9B0FEBCFDF2" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56F9B0FED7F9AC" blockId="84.[151,1436,1609,1779]" box="[151,297,1609,1635]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF06F994FED8F93C" blockId="84.[151,1436,1609,1779]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF06F994FC57F948" box="[199,937,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FC7BF994FABDF948" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[954,1347,1645,1671]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 107–108</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1o 1–2 (
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B42FFF8FF13F968FEF9F964" box="[210,263,1681,1707]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gulf</collectingRegion>
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of Mannar; Kadiapattanam);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FD9EF968FC85F964" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[607,891,1681,1708]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Thomas
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FD02F96BFD09F964" box="[707,759,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995: 140
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</bibRefCitation>
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(NE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FBD3F968FABCF964" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[1042,1346,1681,1707]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus 2004: 39</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 18 (SW coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FEE4F94CFDBCF900" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[293,578,1717,1743]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 109–110</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 67, fig. 1–1e (Cuddalore);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FC65F94CFB33F900" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[932,1229,1717,1743]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FBD7F94FFBB6F900" box="[1046,1096,1717,1743]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 224
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 104, fig. 1–1e (Cuddalore).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF9FF06F8DBFEBCFDF2" blockId="84.[151,1437,1825,2031]" lastBlockId="85.[151,1437,150,573]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF06F8DBFE64F8F4" box="[199,410,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was established by Simpson under the old name
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FB8DF8D8FB3CF8F4" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1817" box="[1100,1218,1825,1851]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FB8DF8D8FB3CF8F4" box="[1100,1218,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Scirpearia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with only 4 sclerite illustrations. Given the small differences in sclerite shape among the nominal species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FB52F8BCFB0EF890" authorityName=", Simpson" authorityYear="1910" box="[1171,1264,1861,1887]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FB52F8BCFB0EF890" box="[1171,1264,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ellisella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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this leaves the species extremely difficult to recognise.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FD98F890FCE1F84C" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[601,799,1897,1923]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
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transferred the species to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FB70F890FAF0F84C" authorityName=", Simpson" authorityYear="1910" box="[1201,1294,1897,1923]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FB70F890FAF0F84C" box="[1201,1294,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ellisella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and claimed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF0BF874FE67F868" box="[202,409,1933,1959]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF0BF874FE67F868" box="[202,409,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Verrucella stellata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FE12F874FCBBF868" authority="Nutting, 1910" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[467,837,1933,1959]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="regia">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE12F874FD61F868" box="[467,671,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Scirpearella regia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FD69F874FCBBF868" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[680,837,1933,1959]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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were synonyms but the distribution of the polyps in those species is not in two series like those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FD70F84BFC8CF804" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1910" box="[689,882,1969,1995]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FD70F84BFC8CF804" box="[689,882,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. andamanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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so they are probably not this species. The same concern about polyp distribution applies to the material described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FC5CF82CFB3EF820" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[925,1216,2005,2031]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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. Their material was not from the Andamans and their sclerite drawings are only rudimentary.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FC1DFF6EFB35FF7E" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[988,1227,150,177]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FBFFFF6EFB8FFF7E" box="[1086,1137,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
refers to the 1986 description and present no other taxonomic data.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FD79FF42FC41FF1A" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[696,959,187,213]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
record material from the south west Indian coast but just repeat the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FE73FF26FD25FF36" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[434,731,223,249]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description. These authors did present better drawings of the sclerites, but their “Dumb-bells” have only a few large tubercles and are quite unlike those in the type material. The publications of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FE89FEDEFDFAFE8E" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[328,516,295,321]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FDFCFEDEFCC5FE8E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[573,827,295,321]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FD6EFEDEFD16FE8E" box="[687,744,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
present identical descriptions which clearly represent a different species. Their colony is a dense bush of long, thin, whiplike branches, whereas the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B43FFF9FB34FEB2FAA9FEAA" box="[1269,1367,331,357]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B43FFF9FA45FEB2FEC9FE46" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1910" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FA45FEB2FEC9FE46" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. andamanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of relatively thick, well-spaced branches that curve away at a broad angle from their parent branch before extending upwards. Also, the sclerites of their colony include narrow spindles that are much longer than the double heads, while the spindles in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B43FFF9FD0BFE4EFCD2FE1E" box="[714,812,439,465]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are only slightly longer. It should be noted that these authors refer to the colony having calyces, which is a common misconception. What they are referring to are just the polyps covered in sclerites.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FE38FE06FCE0FDD6" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[505,798,511,537]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref107997" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1987) Gorgonid resources of India. Marine Fisheries Information Services, 74, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas & George (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FCEBFE06FBFAFDD6" author="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K." box="[810,1028,511,537]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref105853" refString="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K. (2003) Studies on the soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper, 206, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="2003">Rao & Devi (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B43FFF9FBFAFE06FA93FDD6" author="Venkataraman, K. & Jeyabaskaran, R. & Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B." box="[1083,1389,511,537]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 468" refId="ref109845" refString="Venkataraman, K., Jeyabaskaran, R., Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B. (2004) Bibliography and checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Kolkatta, Occasional Paper, 226, 1 - 468." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Venkataraman
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B43FFF9FB23FE06FAEAFDD6" box="[1250,1300,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just list the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |