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<mods:title id="1FCC29A18800B09246FA1F8EB8246701">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="669DED816A43534C69F08454D3C15DB3">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2C0819683CD093270672988C0161275">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF56FD93FDDBFD4B" blockId="87.[151,549,618,645]" box="[151,549,618,645]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B41FFFBFF56FD93FDDBFD4B" bold="true" box="[151,549,618,645]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B41FFFBFF56FD93FDDBFD4B" ID-CoL="39BQ5" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,549,618,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eustala">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFF56FD93FDDBFD4B" bold="true" box="[151,549,618,645]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFF56FD93FEA6FD4A" bold="true" box="[151,344,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Ellisella eustala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFEA1FD93FDDBFD4B" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[352,549,618,644]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF56FD56FC60FD08" blockId="87.[151,926,687,742]" box="[151,926,687,711]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B41FFFBFF56FD56FC60FD08" box="[151,926,687,711]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B41FFFBFF56FD56FDF0FD08" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,526,687,711]" page="80" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" year="1999">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B41FFFBFF56FD56FDF0FD08" ID-CoL="39BQ5" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 80" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,526,687,711]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eustala">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFF56FD56FEC5FD08" box="[151,315,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Ellisella eustala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFE80FD56FDF0FD08" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[321,526,687,711]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 80</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 132; pl. 9, fig. 3 (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B41FFFBFD31FD56FC6AFD08" box="[752,916,687,711]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF56FD37FD96FD29" blockId="87.[151,926,687,742]" box="[151,616,718,742]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B41FFFBFF56FD37FD96FD29" box="[151,616,718,742]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B41FFFBFF56FD37FD9AFD29" author="Tixier-Durivault, A." box="[151,612,718,742]" page="332" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" year="1970">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B41FFFBFF56FD37FD9AFD29" ID-CoL="73Y42" authority="Tixier-Durivault 1970: 332" authorityName="Tixier-Durivault" authorityPageNumber="332" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,612,718,742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFF56FD37FEB6FD29" box="[151,328,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Nicella flabellata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFE8FFD37FD9AFD29" author="Tixier-Durivault, A." box="[334,612,718,742]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="171 - 350" refId="ref108941" refString="Tixier-Durivault, A. (1970) Les octocoralliaires de Nouvelle-Caledonie. In: L'Expedition francaise sur les recifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Caledonie organisee sous l'egide de la Fondation. Singer-Polignac, Paris, pp. 171 - 350." type="book chapter" year="1970">Tixier-Durivault 1970: 332</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF56FCF6FC70FCE6" blockId="87.[151,910,783,809]" box="[151,910,783,809]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B41FFFBFF56FCA8FA9EFB1C" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF56FCA8FED7FCA4" blockId="87.[151,1437,849,948]" box="[151,297,849,875]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF06FC8CFC1EFC7C" blockId="87.[151,1437,849,948]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFF06FC8CFC47FC40" box="[199,953,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFC0DFC8FFB1EFC40" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[972,1248,885,912]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFBE5FC8FFBA7FC40" box="[1060,1113,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a: 14
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 4, fig. AD (Havelock Is.);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFE87FC60FD94FC7C" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[326,618,921,948]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFE76FC63FE16FC7C" box="[439,488,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 234
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 108, fig. AD (Havelock Is.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B41FFFBFF06FC1BFA9EFB1C" blockId="87.[151,1437,993,1236]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFF06FC1BFE60FC34" box="[199,414,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: The publications of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFD5DFC1BFC6CFC34" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[668,914,993,1020]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFD34FC1BFCCFFC34" box="[757,817,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFC11FC18FB28FC34" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[976,1238,993,1019]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFB85FC1BFB7EFC34" box="[1092,1152,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
present identical accounts, but the true characteristics of the material are unknown because their description is taken virtually wordfor-word from parts of Grasshoffs original text, even incorporating the same sclerite and colony measurements. This has resulted in the size of their specimen being reported as 18 x
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B41FFFBFCB8FBB4FC4FFBA7" box="[889,945,1101,1128]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
but also as
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B41FFFBFBFDFBB4FB3BFBA7" box="[1084,1221,1101,1128]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" unit="cm" value="40.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="30.0">30 to 50 cm</quantity>
as per Grasshoffs text. Importantly, three of their sclerite illustrations also appear in modified form in their descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B41FFFBFAF7FB8BFEF6FB60" authority="Grasshoff" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="azillia">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFAF7FB8BFA62FB44" box="[1334,1436,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">E. azillia</emphasis>
Grasshoff
</taxonomicName>
, and three from the
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFE2DFB6CFD14FB60" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[492,746,1173,1199]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFD9FFB6FFD69FB60" box="[606,663,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
description also appear in modified form in the
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B41FFFBFACFFB6FFF10FB1C" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." pageId="87" pageNumber="88" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFAA2FB6FFA63FB60" box="[1379,1437,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
figures for
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B41FFFBFEB3FB40FD1CFB1C" authority="Grasshoff." authorityName="Grasshoff." box="[370,738,1209,1235]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gabulensis">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFEB3FB40FD9BFB1C" box="[370,613,1209,1235]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Verrucella gabulensis</emphasis>
Grasshoff.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B41FFFBFD29FB40FC63FB1C" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[744,925,1209,1235]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="eustala">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B41FFFBFD29FB40FC63FB1C" box="[744,925,1209,1235]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Ellisella eustala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B41FFFBFB6AFB43FAA2FB1C" box="[1195,1372,1209,1236]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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