156 lines
18 KiB
XML
156 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BA0EEAEC1ED91BF9A17DC49557B0D3F5">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A5F4F137B59F27DBB94193379E1151A">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="26A46DA5957873A4B5C3F23388DFB1B2">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E12CD3742E29EC6BF93B78315297051">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="19D84D63F2B63EB83022B32C06BF59A8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B202212CE4A72C617AFADC3D3FE48A3D">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B33FF89FF56FD7AFB66FA26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641058" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641058" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B33FF89FF56FD7AFB66FA26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B33FF89FF56FD7AFB66FA26" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B33FF89FF56FD7AFD9DFD51" box="[151,611,643,670]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF56FD7AFD9DFD51" blockId="37.[151,611,643,670]" box="[151,611,643,670]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B33FF89FF56FD7AFD9DFD51" bold="true" box="[151,611,643,670]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B33FF89FF56FD7AFD9DFD51" ID-CoL="8XQT" authority="Verrill, 1883" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,611,643,670]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="muricata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF56FD7AFD9DFD51" bold="true" box="[151,611,643,670]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF56FD7AFE3EFD51" bold="true" box="[151,448,643,670]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Acanthogorgia muricata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FE06FD7DFD9DFD51" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[455,611,644,670]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref110155" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1883) Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the " Blake " in 1877 - 1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer " Fish 126 Hawk " in 1880 - 82. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 11, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1883">Verrill, 1883</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B33FF89FF56FD3AFC70FCF2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF56FD3AFD4AFD14" blockId="37.[151,1070,707,762]" box="[151,692,707,731]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B33FF89FF56FD3AFD4AFD14" box="[151,692,707,731]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B33FF89FF56FD3AFD4AFD14" ID-CoL="8XQT" authority="Verrill, 1883: 34" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,692,707,731]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="muricata">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B33FF89FF56FD3AFDC3FD14" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[151,573,707,731]" page="34" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1883">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF56FD3AFE6EFD14" box="[151,400,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Acanthogorgia muricata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FE57FD3AFDC3FD14" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[406,573,707,731]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref110155" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1883) Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the " Blake " in 1877 - 1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer " Fish 126 Hawk " in 1880 - 82. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 11, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1883">Verrill, 1883: 34</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B33FF89FD8BFD3AFD53FD14" box="[586,685,707,731]" name="Barbados" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Barbados</collectingCountry>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF56FD1BFBD0FD35" blockId="37.[151,1070,707,762]" box="[151,1070,738,762]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B33FF89FF63FD1BFD3EFD35" ID-CoL="8XR7" authority="Diechmann 1936: 151 - 152" authorityName="Diechmann" authorityPageNumber="151 - 152" authorityYear="1936" box="[162,704,738,762]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="schrammi">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF63FD1BFE5AFD35" box="[162,420,738,762]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Acanthogorgia schrammi</emphasis>
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Diechmann 1936: 151–152
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 16, figs. 5–13, pl. 31, figs. 1–1a
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF56FCDAFC70FCF2" blockId="37.[151,910,803,829]" box="[151,910,803,829]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B33FF89FF56FC92FB66FA26" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF56FC92FED7FC4A" blockId="37.[151,1436,875,1009]" box="[151,297,875,901]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF06FC76FBE0FC3E" blockId="37.[151,1436,875,1009]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF06FC76FC31FC66" box="[199,975,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FC25FC76FA62FC66" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[996,1436,911,937]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 192–194</bibRefCitation>
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(Andamans, off
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B33FF89FE90FC4AFE75FC02" box="[337,395,947,973]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Comorin, off Gopalpur, Coromandel coast, off Malabar coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FBA6FC4AFAB9FC02" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1127,1351,947,973]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 31</bibRefCitation>
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. pl. 10, fig. 1–1d;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FECAFC2EFDDEFC3E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[267,544,982,1009]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FEBDFC2EFE53FC3E" box="[380,429,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 54
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 20, fig. 2–2D (Nagapatinam, Cuddalore).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B33FF89FF06FBE6FB66FA26" blockId="37.[151,1437,1055,1513]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF06FBE6FE63FBF6" box="[199,413,1055,1081]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FCDEFBE6FC44FBF6" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[799,954,1055,1081]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref110155" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1883) Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the " Blake " in 1877 - 1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer " Fish 126 Hawk " in 1880 - 82. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 11, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1883">Verrill (1883)</bibRefCitation>
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for material collected off
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B33FF89FB28FBE6FAADFBF6" box="[1257,1363,1055,1081]" name="Barbados" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Barbados</collectingCountry>
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in the West Indies. The form of the sclerites is unknown because the description was not illustrated and the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B33FF89FAFBFBBAFA62FB92" box="[1338,1436,1091,1117]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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has not been redescribed, therefore, all subsequent records of the species would have to have been based just on Verrill’s text or on the unverifiable accounts by other authors, such as
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FC58FB72FB94FB6A" author="Deichmann, E." box="[921,1130,1163,1189]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 317" refId="ref100376" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936). The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 53, 1 - 317. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49348" type="journal article" year="1936">Deichmann (1936)</bibRefCitation>
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who stated that this species was a synonym of
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FEB9FB56FDEFFB06" box="[376,529,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B33FF89FEB9FB56FDF3FB06" authorityName="Diechmann" authorityYear="1936" box="[376,525,1199,1225]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="schrammi">A. schrammi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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However, Deichmanns’ simple sclerite figures are of no value. Consequently, the descriptions of specimens assigned to this species by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FCEDFB2AFB77FB22" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[812,1161,1235,1261]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson and Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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, which are unillustrated and almost completely ignore the sclerites, are of no value at all. Similarly, the records given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FB20FB0EFA62FADE" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1249,1436,1271,1297]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FF0AFAE2FE2AFAFA" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[203,468,1307,1333]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FE81FAE2FE8BFAFA" box="[320,373,1307,1333]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, which are identical and offer figures but no descriptions, referring to the account given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B33FF89FEC5FAC6FDA1FA96" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[260,607,1343,1369]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson and Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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instead, have no factual basis. Their material certainly appears to be an
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B33FF89FF56FA9AFE65FAB2" box="[151,411,1379,1405]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FF56FA9AFEC0FAB2" box="[151,318,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Acanthogorgia</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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, but without a detailed description of the sclerites and close-up images of the polyps it is not possible to recognise the species they have or distinguish it from similar species such as their
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B33FF89FB34FA7EFEE5FA0A" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B33FF89FB34FA7EFEE9FA0A" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Acanthogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cylindricus">Acanthogorgia cylindricus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Without a revision of the genus, it would be impossible to establish if it is a synonym of another species. Being originally collected in the West Indies, it is extremely unlikely to occur in the region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |