178 lines
20 KiB
XML
178 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C91C1998CEBC6F6E9FB0C127568F808B">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7409C4141752A67616A6D7602C5178C3">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4DD917BC58B8AD5CE5A55CDF237CC66A">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="417917EE1A84CA35C8D72A99C04962A1">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E9E3C136B982AC37A9E398BF123B15F8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AAB943B8849878543E6F3801187AB260">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="797FC92BB4F81912651E90B49314AC9F">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B21FF9BFF56FE4FFCE7FB70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639487" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639487" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B21FF9BFF56FE4FFCE7FB70" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B21FF9BFF56FE4FFCE7FB70" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B21FF9BFF56FE4FFD95FE1F" box="[151,619,438,465]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B21FF9BFF56FE4FFD95FE1F" blockId="55.[151,619,438,465]" box="[151,619,438,465]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B21FF9BFF56FE4FFD95FE1F" bold="true" box="[151,619,438,465]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B21FF9BFF56FE4FFD95FE1F" ID-CoL="6DVLG" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,619,438,465]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toombo">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFF56FE4FFD95FE1F" bold="true" box="[151,619,438,465]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFF56FE4FFE61FE1E" bold="true" box="[151,415,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Echinogorgia toombo</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFE67FE4FFD95FE1F" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[422,619,438,464]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B21FF9BFF56FE02FC70FD94" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B21FF9BFF56FE02FC0EFDDC" blockId="55.[151,1008,507,531]" box="[151,1008,507,531]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B21FF9BFF56FE02FC0EFDDC" box="[151,1008,507,531]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B21FF9BFF56FE02FDB8FDDC" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,582,507,531]" page="52" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B21FF9BFF56FE02FDB8FDDC" ID-CoL="6DVLG" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 52" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,582,507,531]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toombo">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFF56FE02FE8AFDDC" box="[151,372,507,531]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Echinogorgia toombo</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFEBBFE02FDB8FDDC" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[378,582,507,531]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 52</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 87–88, pl. 5, fig. 2 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B21FF9BFC83FE02FC1BFDDC" box="[834,997,507,531]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B21FF9BFF56FDB8FC70FD94" blockId="55.[151,910,577,604]" box="[151,910,577,604]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B21FF9BFF56FD70FCE7FB70" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B21FF9BFF56FD70FED7FD6C" blockId="55.[151,1436,649,784]" box="[151,297,649,675]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B21FF9BFF06FD54FD4EFCC0" blockId="55.[151,1436,649,784]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFF06FD54FC11FD08" box="[199,1007,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">These Indian records are either unconfirmable or seem to be invalid:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFC3BFD54FB2BFD08" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1018,1237,685,711]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 64</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 39, fig. 1–1j (Cuddalore);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFEECFD2BFDCFFD24" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[301,561,721,748]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFE40FD2BFE4CFD24" box="[385,434,721,747]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 76
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 35, fig. A–D (Ritchie’s Archipelago);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFBC5FD28FADBFD24" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1028,1317,721,748]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFBB5FD2BFB5BFD24" box="[1140,1189,721,747]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 131
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 60, fig A–D (SE coast,
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B21FF9BFE8DFD0CFD5AFCC0" box="[332,676,757,783]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B21FF9BFF06FCC7FCE7FB70" blockId="55.[151,1437,829,1216]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFF06FCC7FE65FC98" box="[199,411,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: The description given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFD0AFCC7FC46FC98" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[715,952,829,856]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFCE1FCC7FCACFC98" box="[800,850,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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is of a different species to that reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFF56FC98FEAFFCB4" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[151,337,865,891]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFE46FC98FD7DFCB4" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[391,643,865,892]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFE39FC9BFDD7FCB4" box="[504,553,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, whose accounts are identical. However, it impossible to know the true characteristics of Kumar’s material as the description of the is taken word-for-word from Grasshoff’s original text. The species described by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFE7EFC50FD82FC0C" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[447,636,937,963]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFD77FC50FC49FC0C" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[694,951,937,964]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFCE8FC53FCA2FC0C" box="[809,860,937,963]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
is clearly different from that described by Grasshoff. In the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B21FF9BFE9EFC34FE3FFC28" box="[351,449,973,999]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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the central lobe of the scales in the calyx and the surface is rounded and smooth, with a few prickles at most, and the sclerites are rather like the scales of species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B21FF9BFBE8FC08FB7BFBC4" box="[1065,1157,1009,1035]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Menella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFBE8FC08FB7BFBC4" box="[1065,1157,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Menella</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. The central lobe of the developed sclerites in the Indian material is not flat and is pointed and warty. Ironically, the scales figured in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFA8FFBEFFED1FB9C" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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||
Kumar
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFF56FBC3FF2EFB9C" box="[151,208,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2014a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are closer to those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B21FF9BFDEAFBC0FCE1FB9C" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[555,799,1081,1107]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toombo">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFDEAFBC0FCE1FB9C" box="[555,799,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Echinogorgia toombo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than those in Fernando’s publications, but there too few to compare, and the origin of some odd shaped sclerites is not given.
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B21FF9BFC60FBA4FB6BFBB8" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[929,1173,1117,1143]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toombo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFC60FBA4FB6BFBB8" box="[929,1173,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Echinogorgia toombo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B21FF9BFF56FB7BFEB4FB54" box="[151,330,1153,1180]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFE94FB7BFDC6FB53" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[341,568,1153,1180]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFE6DFB7BFE20FB54" box="[428,478,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species and presents the same colony image as in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFACCFB7BFF0FFB70" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFAA2FB7BFA63FB54" box="[1379,1437,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B21FF9BFE80FB5FFDD2FB70" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[321,556,1189,1216]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref103354" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018 a) Diversity and distribution of gorgonians (Octocorallia) in the Long Island and it's adjacent areas in Middle Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B21FF9BFE57FB5FFE39FB70" box="[406,455,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just lists the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |