352 lines
44 KiB
XML
352 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5F698E007861AD4D3BD949BADDE2247C">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6697F02C6866AE3D1BE3A43EFDCCD2E5">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B2ADF62EEDACFF9AA797D51C25A7FBA5">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B37B68193C1B8BF7433AC6B6B4893B37">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2E67127AE0570ABE35AA3A537B729BED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C2AE371453C1B0CE8C52AEB8545183FD">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B0EFFB5FF56FB30FEB3FBB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641041" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290996" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B0EFFB5FF56FB30FEB3FBB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B0EFFB5FF56FB30FEB3FBB2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0EFFB4FF56FB30FD5DFB2C" box="[151,675,1225,1252]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FB30FD5DFB2C" blockId="24.[151,675,1225,1252]" box="[151,675,1225,1252]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B0EFFB4FF56FB30FD5DFB2C" bold="true" box="[151,675,1225,1252]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF56FB30FD5DFB2C" ID-CoL="674NT" ID-ENA="1053279" authority="(Ellis & Solander, 1786)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[151,675,1225,1252]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF56FB30FD5DFB2C" bold="true" box="[151,675,1225,1252]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF56FB30FE8DFB2B" bold="true" box="[151,371,1225,1252]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE42FB30FD64FB2C" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[387,666,1225,1251]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0EFFB4FF56FAF7FCB8FA70" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FAF7FD11FAEA" blockId="24.[151,982,1294,1471]" box="[151,751,1294,1318]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF56FAF7FDACFAE9" authority="Ellis & Solander, 1786" authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[151,594,1294,1318]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF56FAF7FE9FFAE9" box="[151,353,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Gorgonia reticulata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FEA6FAF7FDACFAE9" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[359,594,1294,1318]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: pl. 17, no text.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FAD4FCBDFA8B" blockId="24.[151,982,1294,1471]" box="[151,835,1324,1349]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF63FAD4FE07FA8B" authority="Esper, 1791" authorityName="Esper" authorityYear="1791" box="[162,505,1324,1348]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verriculata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF63FAD4FE85FA8B" box="[162,379,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Gorgonia verriculata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE40FAD4FE07FA8B" author="Esper, E. J. G." box="[385,505,1324,1348]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100531" refString="Esper, E. J. G. (1791) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit. Farben erleuchtetnebst Beschreibungen. Theil 2. Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nurnberg, 180 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118730" type="book" year="1791">Esper, 1791</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–1799:124–126 + pl.
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<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0EFFB4FD15FAD4FCF9FA8B" box="[724,775,1324,1349]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.636" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="34.0">34 in</quantity>
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atlas.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FAB2FC92FAAC" blockId="24.[151,982,1294,1471]" box="[151,876,1355,1379]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0EFFB4FF56FAB2FC92FAAC" box="[151,876,1355,1379]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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?
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0EFFB4FF63FAB2FDB9FAAC" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[162,583,1355,1379]" page="14" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF63FAB2FDB9FAAC" ID-CoL="3CVHD" authority="Nutting, 1910 a: 14" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[162,583,1355,1379]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF63FAB2FE7FFAAC" box="[162,385,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Euplexaura reticulata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE46FAB2FDB9FAAC" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[391,583,1355,1379]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref104980" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 a) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b 1, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910a: 14</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 3, figs 2, 2a, pl. 4, fig. 9.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FA93FD3DFA4D" blockId="24.[151,982,1294,1471]" box="[151,707,1386,1410]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0EFFB4FF56FA93FD3DFA4D" box="[151,707,1386,1410]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF56FA93FF5EFA4D" box="[151,160,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">?</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0EFFB4FF60FA93FD40FA4D" author="Stiasny, G." box="[161,702,1386,1410]" page="101" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1937">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF60FA93FD40FA4D" ID-CoL="53D4C" authority="Stiasny 1937: 101 (Mollucas)" authorityName="Stiasny" authorityYear="1937" box="[161,702,1386,1410]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF60FA93FE77FA4D" box="[161,393,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Subergorgia reticulata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE4EFA93FDB8FA4D" author="Stiasny, G." box="[399,582,1386,1410]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny 1937: 101</bibRefCitation>
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(Mollucas)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FA70FC28FA6F" blockId="24.[151,982,1294,1471]" box="[151,982,1416,1441]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0EFFB4FF56FA70FC28FA6F" box="[151,982,1416,1441]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
?
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF63FA71FEA4FA6F" ID-CoL="674NT" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[162,346,1416,1440]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF63FA71FEA4FA6F" box="[162,346,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(part)
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0EFFB4FE5FFA71FD9DFA6F" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[414,611,1416,1441]" page="16" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE5FFA71FD9DFA6F" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[414,611,1416,1441]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 16</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 18 b–d, f–g. (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0EFFB4FCE9FA70FC32FA6F" box="[808,972,1416,1441]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FA5EFCB8FA70" blockId="24.[151,982,1294,1471]" box="[151,838,1447,1471]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0EFFB4FF56FA5EFCB8FA70" box="[151,838,1447,1471]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
?
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0EFFB4FF63FA5EFDE9FA70" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[162,535,1447,1471]" page="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="2000">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF63FA5EFDE9FA70" ID-CoL="674NT" authority="Grasshoff 2000: 8" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2000" box="[162,535,1447,1471]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF63FA5EFEA4FA70" box="[162,346,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE9EFA5EFDE9FA70" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[351,535,1447,1471]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff 2000: 8</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 8–10, 14–16 (
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0EFFB4FD20FA5EFCC5FA70" box="[737,827,1447,1471]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
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||
).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0EFFB4FF56FA14FC46F8CC" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56FA14FC53F9C8" blockId="24.[151,941,1517,1544]" box="[151,941,1517,1544]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Opinion: There is some evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF56F9CCFED7F980" blockId="24.[151,1436,1589,1796]" box="[151,297,1589,1615]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Justification:</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF06F9A0FB6AF9BC" blockId="24.[151,1436,1589,1796]" box="[199,1172,1625,1652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF06F9A0FDD3F9BC" box="[199,557,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">This Indian record may be valid</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FDFAF9A0FC89F9BC" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[571,887,1625,1651]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 99</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1C, 1–3 (SW coast).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF06F984FC46F8CC" blockId="24.[151,1436,1589,1796]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF06F984FC2BF958" box="[199,981,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FC2AF984FA90F958" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[1003,1390,1661,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 164</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF56F958FE5BF974" box="[151,421,1697,1723]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF56F958FE5BF974" box="[151,421,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Subergorgia verriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Andamans);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FD93F958FC6DF974" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[594,915,1697,1723]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 99</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1C, 1–3 (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FB9BF958FAA6F974" authorityName="Stiasny" authorityYear="1937" box="[1114,1368,1697,1723]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FB9BF958FAA6F974" box="[1114,1368,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Subergorgia reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (SW coast);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FF29F93CFE1BF910" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[232,485,1733,1759]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 21–22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 4, fig. 1–1d (Cuddalore);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FCEDF93FFBC4F910" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[812,1082,1733,1760]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FCBEF93FFC51F910" box="[895,943,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014a: 104
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 49, fig. A–D (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0EFFB4FB3EF93CFEB2F8CC" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FEA1F910FD8AF8CC" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[352,628,1769,1796]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FE10F913FDFCF8CC" box="[465,514,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017: 23
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 6, fig. A–D (Cuddalore).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0EFFB5FF06F8CBFEB3FBB2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB5FF06F8CBFACBFE62" blockId="24.[151,1436,1841,2012]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF06F8CBFE63F884" box="[199,413,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Literature analysis</emphasis>
|
||
: This species was erected as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FD35F8CBFC28F884" authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[756,982,1841,1868]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FD35F8CBFC28F884" box="[756,982,1841,1868]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Gorgonia reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FBC4F8C8FAE7F884" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[1029,1305,1841,1867]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander (1786)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with just a colony figure and no text. The material is presumed lost and the exact sclerite forms are unknown.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FB23F8ACFA66F8A0" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1250,1432,1877,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref104980" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 a) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b 1, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting (1910a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, not noticing the scleraxonian axis of a specimen from the Mollucas, erected a new species for it that he called
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF56F864FE6CF878" box="[151,402,1949,1975]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF56F864FE70F878" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,398,1949,1975]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">Euplexaura reticulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE1CF864FD81F878" author="Stiasny, G." box="[477,639,1949,1975]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymised Nutting’s species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FBD6F867FB0AF878" authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[1047,1268,1949,1976]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FBD6F867FB0AF878" box="[1047,1268,1949,1976]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Gorgonia reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and reassigned that taxon to the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FE69F838FDC4F814" box="[424,570,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FE69F838FDC8F814" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[424,566,1985,2011]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Subergorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Later again,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FD15F838FC68F814" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[724,918,1985,2011]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred the species to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FAFFF838FA6BF814" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[1342,1429,1985,2011]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FAFFF838FA6BF814" box="[1342,1429,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Annella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most authors base their identifications on Stiasny’s account, where the characteristic sclerites are the small doubleheads illustrated in his text figure GGa. Given the style and inaccuracy generally pertaining to drawings by Stiasny, these sclerites maybe the same as those in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FDB9FF26FCB2FF36" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[632,844,223,249]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff‘s (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figure
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0FFFB5FC5FFF26FC34FF36" box="[926,970,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="g" value="18.0">18g</quantity>
|
||
, which appear black when viewed with a compound microscope: (although the figure
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0FFFB5FD4BFEFAFD4BFED2" box="[650,693,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="g" value="18.0">18g</quantity>
|
||
sclerites did come from a colony with many elongate meshes, fig. 18d, but thin branches). As a result, the sclerites depicted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FC8BFEDEFC28FE8E" authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[842,982,295,321]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FC8BFEDEFC28FE8E" box="[842,982,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FC3BFEDEFB31FE8E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[1018,1231,295,321]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff’s (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figures 8 &10 are considered not to represent that species. However, having examined many specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FBB2FEB2FB2FFEAA" box="[1139,1233,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FBB2FEB2FB33FEAA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[1139,1229,331,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Annella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the second author believes there is more than one species with characteristic, small, polygonal meshes, and as the sclerites of Ellis & Solander’s specimen are unknown a “?” has been placed in front of entries in the list of synonyms herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0FFFB5FF06FE4EFCE9FC06" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FD86FE4EFCF8FE1E" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[583,774,439,465]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FC84FE4EFBB2FE1E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[837,1100,439,465]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FC7BFE4EFC11FE1E" box="[954,1007,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is identical, but the illustrations are different even though the material examined is the same. But, in the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FF56FE06FE6DFDD6" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,403,511,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FEC9FE06FEC4FDD6" box="[264,314,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FE0BFE06FD48FDD6" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[458,694,511,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FDDEFE06FDA6FDD6" box="[543,600,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is different, but the illustrations are identical even though the material examined is different. As stated above in the section on
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FC5BFDDAFBFBFDF2" box="[922,1029,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FC5BFDDAFBFEFDF2" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[922,1024,547,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">A. mollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the colony illustrations in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FAF3FDDAFF1FFDAE" author="Fernando, S. A." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicate a mixture of species with possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FD26FDBEFCBBFDAE" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[743,837,583,609]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FD26FDBEFCBBFDAE" box="[743,837,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the left (pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a) and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FA84FDBEFEFDFD4A" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FA84FDBEFEFDFD4A" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the right. The illustrations in the account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FCDAFD92FC59FD4A" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[795,935,619,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FCDAFD92FC59FD4A" box="[795,935,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FC0AFD92FB7BFD4A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[971,1157,619,645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also appear to indicate a mixture of species. The colony illustrations are very small, but the large specimen on the left in pl. 4, fig.1 appears to have long, elongate meshes like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FDF3FD4AFD66FD02" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[562,664,691,717]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FDF3FD4AFD66FD02" box="[562,664,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while the small specimen on the right in fig.1a clearly has small, polygonal meshes like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FE5CFD2EFDD4FD3E" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[413,554,727,753]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FE5CFD2EFDD4FD3E" box="[413,554,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The double-head sclerites in the illustrations are so small that the fine detail cannot be discerned but they have a long neck and appear to be of the vertebrae-style and possibly came from the specimen on the left. In the accounts given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FD73FCE6FC4CFCF6" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[690,946,799,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FCE5FCE6FCA6FCF6" box="[804,856,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FC2DFCE6FB1EFCF6" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1004,1248,799,825]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FB82FCE6FB83FCF6" box="[1091,1149,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the illustrations also indicate a possible mixture of species. It is not entirely clear, but the colonies in the underwater photograph may have predominantly polygonal meshes, but the collected specimen clearly has the long, elongate meshwork characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FE92FC72FE49FC6A" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[339,439,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FE92FC72FE49FC6A" box="[339,439,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A. mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, the sclerite figure shows one double head (second from the left) that may be similar to those illustrated by Stiasny for
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FD46FC56FCE9FC06" box="[647,791,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0FFFB5FD46FC56FCECFC06" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[647,786,943,969]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">S. reticulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0FFFB5FF06FC2AFEB3FBB2" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FF06FC2AFDF5FC22" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[199,523,979,1005]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a specimen with only a cursory description so it cannot be verified, but the report of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FEEAFC0EFDAEFBDE" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[299,592,1015,1041]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is possibly correct.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FCF5FC0EFBA7FBDE" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[820,1113,1015,1041]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref107997" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1987) Gorgonid resources of India. Marine Fisheries Information Services, 74, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas & George (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just listed the species as did
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FF56FBE2FE37FBFA" author="Venkataraman, K. & Jeyabaskaran, R. & Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B." box="[151,457,1051,1077]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 468" refId="ref109845" refString="Venkataraman, K., Jeyabaskaran, R., Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B. (2004) Bibliography and checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Kolkatta, Occasional Paper, 226, 1 - 468." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Venkataraman
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FEFFFBE2FE91FBFA" box="[318,367,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FDD8FBE2FD0EFBFA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[537,752,1050,1077]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FDAFFBE2FD61FBFA" box="[622,671,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FD3AFBE2FCCBFBFA" author="Geetha, S. & Kumar, J. S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[763,821,1051,1077]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="2390 - 2394" refId="ref100797" refString="Geetha, S., Kumar, J. S. Y, Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018) Space competition studies between Briareum violaceum (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea) and scleractinian corals in Shark Island, north Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Studies, 47 (12), 2390 - 2394." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) listed it and provided the figure of the colony with the elongate meshwork from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FE78FBC6FD49FB96" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[441,695,1087,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FDEAFBC6FDA3FB96" box="[555,605,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0FFFB5FD2EFBC6FC1FFB96" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[751,993,1087,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FC84FBC6FC81FB96" box="[837,895,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0FFFB5FB83FBC6FB8BFB96" box="[1090,1141,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016: PY-P; 2018a) just lists the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |