201 lines
23 KiB
XML
201 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2C06A37C5392F8E5B4AD8B3680886F70">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D1A170AEA186BB232F67E00D8A619E6F">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1DD0FF0C9241849DDE91F6B66BAA32C8">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F5DE03D531DC2D577168E156079BF8C2">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E975EAB2B7B583962688250372585CE2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFBD6FBA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640875" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291119" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640875" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFBD6FBA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFBD6FBA2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFD96FF7E" box="[151,616,151,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFD96FF7E" blockId="27.[151,616,151,178]" box="[151,616,151,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFD96FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,616,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFD96FF7E" ID-CoL="3ZKJW" ID-ENA="156534" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,616,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFD96FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,616,151,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF56FF6EFE65FF7D" bold="true" box="[151,411,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Melithaea caledonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FE63FF6EFD96FF7E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[418,616,151,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0DFFB7FF56FF25FCD9FEDD" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF56FF25FC2BFF3B" blockId="27.[151,981,220,274]" box="[151,981,220,244]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0DFFB7FF56FF25FDC6FF3B" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,568,220,244]" page="8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0DFFB7FF56FF25FDC6FF3B" ID-CoL="3ZKJW" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 8" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,568,220,244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF56FF25FE8DFF3B" box="[151,371,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Melithaea caledonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FEBBFF25FDC6FF3B" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[378,568,220,244]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 8</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1, fig. 3; fig. 7a, 8 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0DFFB7FCE6FF25FC35FF3B" box="[807,971,220,244]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF56FF03FCD9FEDD" blockId="27.[151,981,220,274]" box="[151,807,250,274]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0DFFB7FF56FF03FCD9FEDD" box="[151,807,250,274]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0DFFB7FF56FF03FD95FEDD" author="Tixier-Durivault, A." box="[151,619,250,274]" page="327" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1970">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0DFFB7FF56FF03FD95FEDD" ID-CoL="3ZKMJ" authority="Tixier-Durivault, 1970: 327" authorityName="Tixier-Durivault" authorityPageNumber="327" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,619,250,274]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stormii">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF56FF03FEB2FEDD" box="[151,332,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Melithaea stormii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FE93FF03FD95FEDD" author="Tixier-Durivault, A." box="[338,619,250,274]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="171 - 350" refId="ref108941" refString="Tixier-Durivault, A. (1970) Les octocoralliaires de Nouvelle-Caledonie. In: L'Expedition francaise sur les recifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Caledonie organisee sous l'egide de la Fondation. Singer-Polignac, Paris, pp. 171 - 350." type="book chapter" year="1970">Tixier-Durivault, 1970: 327</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0DFFB7FDB9FF03FCE2FEDD" box="[632,796,250,274]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0DFFB7FF56FEB9FB18FE2A" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF56FEB9FC70FE95" blockId="27.[151,910,320,347]" box="[151,910,320,347]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF56FE7AFED7FE52" blockId="27.[151,1437,387,486]" box="[151,297,387,413]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF06FE5EFB18FE2A" blockId="27.[151,1437,387,486]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF06FE5EFC4CFE0E" box="[199,946,423,449]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FC05FE51FB2BFE0E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[964,1237,423,450]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FBDDFE51FBAEFE0E" box="[1052,1104,423,449]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 94
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 44, fig. A–D (Andaman and Nicobar Is.);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FE19FE32FD13FE2A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[472,749,459,486]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FD88FE35FD84FE2A" box="[585,634,459,485]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 29
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 10, fig. A–E (Andaman and Nicobar Is.).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0DFFB7FF06FDEDFBD6FBA2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF06FDEDFC68FC5A" blockId="27.[151,1437,531,1134]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF06FDEDFE64FDE2" box="[199,410,531,557]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: The descriptions given by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FD0AFDEDFC4CFDE2" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[715,946,531,558]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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||
Kumar
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FCDFFDEDFCB1FDE2" box="[798,847,531,557]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2014a)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FC27FDEAFB23FDE2" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[998,1245,531,558]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FB97FDEDFB78FDE2" box="[1110,1158,531,557]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
are identical, but it is impossible to know the true characteristics of their specimen as much of the description is taken from Grasshoff’ (1999), even down to the exact size of the sclerites, and it is rather disconnected or out of context. The authors state, “Coenenchyme are irregularly tuberculated spindles and plates; many irregular plates like (sic) sclerites also present in the cortex.”, while Grasshoff states “Sclerites of coenenchyme are irregularly tuberculated spindles and plates; many irregular plate-like sclerites are present in the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0DFFB7FD2EFD3EFCAFFD2E" box="[751,849,711,737]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
and
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||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0DFFB7FC4DFD31FC09FD2D" box="[908,1015,712,738]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
from the same locality, Stn 192, but in the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0DFFB7FF21FD15FEBEFCC9" box="[224,320,748,774]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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||
from Stn 242 such sclerites are almost absent”. The authors also state “…plates like sclerites also present in the cortex. The large curved sclerites above them are
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0DFFB7FCA5FCF6FC36FCE5" box="[868,968,783,810]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
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||
long; the flat platelets in the tentacles are dentate, the largest was
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0DFFB7FE6AFCCAFDFDFC81" box="[427,515,819,846]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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long”, while Grasshoff states, “The sclerites of the anthocodia are flattened, the transversally placed bows attain a length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0DFFB7FDBDFCAEFD2DFCBD" box="[636,723,855,882]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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, the large curved sclerites above them are
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0DFFB7FB66FCAEFAF4FCBD" box="[1191,1290,855,882]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
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long; the flat platelets in the tentacles are dentate, the largest was
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0DFFB7FD1EFC82FCCBFC59" box="[735,821,891,918]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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long…”
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0DFFB7FF06FC66FBD6FBA2" blockId="27.[151,1437,531,1134]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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Regardless, the sclerites illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FDBEFC59FC91FC76" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[639,879,927,954]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FD17FC59FCF7FC76" box="[726,777,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FC68FC66FB57FC76" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[937,1193,927,954]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FBDDFC59FBB1FC76" box="[1052,1103,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are quite different to those belonging to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0DFFB7FE52FC3AFE07FC12" box="[403,505,963,989]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Contrary to their text, they figure complex foliate spheroids and leafclubs as cortex sclerites, whereas Grasshoff figures smooth foliate spheroids and heavily warted, irregular spindles and ovoids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FF56FBF5FE8BFBE9" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[151,373,1035,1062]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF2DFBF5FEE3FBEA" box="[236,285,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the species and figure two of the specimens from the 2014 and 2017 papers above,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FA8FFBF5FEE6FB86" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="60 - 66" refId="ref103304" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018) A note on shallow water octocorallia from Nicobar Islands, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 60 - 66." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FF56FBC9FF39FB86" box="[151,199,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FEE3FBD6FEA3FB86" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[290,349,1071,1097]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FEA6FBD6FE53FB86" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[359,429,1071,1097]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1516 - 1520" refId="ref103476" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2019 a) New record of Melithaea retifera (Lamarck, 1816) from Andaman and Nicobar Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (10), 1516 - 1520." type="journal article" year="2019">2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) remark that the species occurs in the region and give references, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0DFFB7FB72FBC9FA62FB86" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[1203,1436,1071,1098]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1567 - 1575" refId="ref103536" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2019 b) Diversity and distribution of shallow water octocorallia from Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, South Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (10), 1567 - 1575." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FAC6FBC9FAC0FB86" box="[1287,1342,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just list the species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0DFFB7FEB9FBAAFD95FBA2" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[376,619,1107,1133]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caledonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0DFFB7FEB9FBAAFD95FBA2" box="[376,619,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Melithaea caledonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is possibly endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0DFFB7FCB2FBADFBDAFBA2" box="[883,1060,1107,1134]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |