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<mods:title id="9D03213C03A8E3986C47FE238B46A617">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="106366DE23775D5AE045F8A3749D454A">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B0BFFB1FF56FF6EFDA1FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,607,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0BFFB1FF56FF6EFDA1FF7E" ID-CoL="3ZKLG" ID-ENA="2485343" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,607,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FF6EFDA1FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,607,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FF6EFE76FF7D" bold="true" box="[151,392,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Melithaea ochracea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FE58FF6EFDA9FF7E" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[409,599,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref103941" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae. Editio Decima, reformata 1. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0BFFB1FF56FF25FE15FF3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3920193" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3920193" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B65557C-5510-467E-8DD9-370308B58B64" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[151,491,219,244]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/98258E1E44EE8F02C2408E4647410D37" page="799" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0BFFB1FF56FF25FE15FF3B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 799" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="799" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,491,219,244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ocracea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FF25FEEDFF3C" box="[151,275,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Isis ocracea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FED8FF25FE15FF3B" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[281,491,219,244]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref103941" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae. Editio Decima, reformata 1. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758: 799</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0BFFB1FF56FF02FE01FEDD" authority="Linnaeus 1766: 1287" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="1287" authorityYear="1766" box="[151,511,250,274]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FF02FEE1FEDD" box="[151,287,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Isis ochracea</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1766: 1287
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF56FEE0FDF7FE9F" blockId="29.[151,1436,219,397]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0BFFB1FF56FEE0FD38FEFE" ID-CoL="VS2F" authority="Kukenthal, 1908: 201" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="201" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,710,281,305]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Clathraria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roemeri">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0BFFB1FF56FEE0FDB9FEFE" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[151,583,281,305]" page="201" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1908">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FEE0FEA2FEFE" box="[151,348,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Clathraria roemeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FEA4FEE0FDB9FEFE" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[357,583,281,305]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref103095" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1908) Diagnosen neuer Gorgoniden (4. Mitteilung). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33 (1), 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="1908">Kükenthal, 1908: 201</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FD96FEE0FD41FEFE" box="[599,703,281,305]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 1919: 195, pl. 37, fig. 39 (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FC2DFEE0FBAAFEFE" box="[1004,1108,281,305]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
); 1924: 87, fig. 60 (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FAE8FEE0FA6FFEFE" box="[1321,1425,281,305]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0BFFB1FF06FEC1FE76FE9F" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[199,392,312,336]" page="188" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FF06FEC1FE76FE9F" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[199,392,312,336]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="74 - 212" refId="ref102579" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1937) The Family Melitodidae. Transactions of the Zoological Society, 23 (1), 74 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1937. tb 00362. x" type="journal article" year="1937">Hickson 1937: 188</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FE54FEC1FE00FE9F" box="[405,510,312,336]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF56FEAFFD01FEA1" blockId="29.[151,1436,219,397]" box="[151,767,342,366]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0BFFB1FF56FEAFFD01FEA1" box="[151,767,342,366]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0BFFB1FF56FEAFFDE4FEA1" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[151,538,342,366]" page="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1987">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0BFFB1FF56FEAFFDE4FEA1" ID-CoL="3ZKLG" authority="Ofwegen 1987: 7" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,538,342,366]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FEAFFE9CFEA1" box="[151,354,342,366]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Melithaea ochracea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FEA8FEAFFDE4FEA1" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[361,538,342,366]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen 1987: 7</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 12 (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FD4AFEAFFD0AFEA1" box="[651,756,342,366]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF56FE8CFBA6FE42" blockId="29.[151,1436,219,397]" box="[151,1112,373,397]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0BFFB1FF56FE8CFBA6FE42" box="[151,1112,373,397]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0BFFB1FF56FE8CFD6CFE42" author="Reijnen, B. T. &amp; McFadden, C. S. &amp; Hermanlimianto, Y. T. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[151,658,373,397]" page="397" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="2014">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0BFFB1FF56FE8CFD6CFE42" ID-CoL="3ZKLG" authority="Reijnen et al. 2014: 395 - 397" authorityName="Reijnen" authorityPageNumber="395 - 397" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,658,373,397]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FE8CFE9CFE42" box="[151,354,373,397]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Melithaea ochracea</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B490D0A7B0BFFB1FEA8FE8CFD6CFE42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4029620309" box="[361,658,373,397]" country="Indonesia" location="Moluccas" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FEA8FE8CFD6CFE42" author="Reijnen, B. T. &amp; McFadden, C. S. &amp; Hermanlimianto, Y. T. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[361,658,373,397]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="383 - 401" refId="ref105960" refString="Reijnen, B. T., McFadden, C. S., Hermanlimianto, Y. T. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2014) A molecular and morphological exploration of the generic boundaries in the family Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) and its taxonomic consequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 383 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.09.028" type="journal article" year="2014">
Reijnen
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FE7FFE8FFE15FE42" box="[446,491,373,397]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2014: 395397
</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 56 (
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0BFFB1FCC3FE8CFCAAFE42" box="[770,852,373,397]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
designation) (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FC24FE8CFBB3FE42" box="[997,1101,373,397]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF56FE42FC70FE1A" blockId="29.[151,910,443,470]" box="[151,910,443,470]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0BFFB1FF56FDFAFC00FC3E" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF56FDFAFED7FDD2" blockId="29.[151,1437,515,614]" box="[151,297,515,541]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF06FDDEFBECFDAA" blockId="29.[151,1437,515,614]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF06FDDEFC36FD8E" box="[199,968,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">These Indian records are either unconfirmable or seem to be invalid</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FC16FDD1FB20FD8E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[983,1246,551,578]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FBECFDD1FBA0FD8E" box="[1069,1118,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a: 96
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 45, fig. AD (South Andaman);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FEADFDB2FD7FFDAA" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[364,641,587,614]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FE1CFDB5FDF0FDAA" box="[477,526,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 33
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 12, fig. AD (South Andaman).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0BFFB1FF06FD6DFC00FC3E" blockId="29.[151,1437,659,1010]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF06FD6DFE65FD62" box="[199,411,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: Although the characteristics of this old Linnean species have never been known, for more than a quarter of a millennium many authors have included it their publications. In order to stabilise the taxonomy Reijnen
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF36FD25FED4FD3A" box="[247,298,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. designated a
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0BFFB1FE0EFD25FDD6FD39" box="[463,552,732,758]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
in 2014. The descriptions given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FC07FD25FB48FD3A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[966,1206,731,758]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FBDCFD25FBAEFD3A" box="[1053,1104,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FB31FD22FF1CFCD6" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FAA2FD25FA6BFD3A" box="[1379,1429,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
are identical but their figured sclerites are quite different from those of the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0BFFB1FBEBFCF9FB78FCD5" box="[1066,1158,768,794]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
. Their description is also confusing. They state that the colony is both bushy and then also being in one plane, the sclerites are said to be less than
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0BFFB1FF0FFCBEFED8FCAD" box="[206,294,839,866]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
, which is half the size of those in the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0BFFB1FD06FCB1FCDDFCAD" box="[711,803,840,866]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
, and the polyps are said to contain disc-spindles—a state that does not occur in any octocoral.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FD81FC95FCDAFC49" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[576,804,875,902]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. &amp; Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FD56FC95FD37FC4A" box="[663,713,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
lists the species and provide a colony figure.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FAF3FC95FEEDFC66" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref103354" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2018 a) Diversity and distribution of gorgonians (Octocorallia) in the Long Island and it's adjacent areas in Middle Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FA49FC95FF53FC66" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (2018a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FE8AFC69FDD5FC66" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[331,555,911,938]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FE61FC69FE2CFC66" box="[416,466,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
list the species and provide the references for the 2014 and 2017 publications above. After studying numerous colonies from Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0BFFB1FA84FC4AFEDDFC3E" author="Reijnen, B. T. &amp; McFadden, C. S. &amp; Hermanlimianto, Y. T. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="383 - 401" refId="ref105960" refString="Reijnen, B. T., McFadden, C. S., Hermanlimianto, Y. T. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2014) A molecular and morphological exploration of the generic boundaries in the family Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) and its taxonomic consequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 383 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.09.028" type="journal article" year="2014">
Reijnen
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0BFFB1FF56FC21FF36FC3E" box="[151,200,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, concluded this species is confined to the
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in
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B0BFFB1FC4BFC2EFC05FC3E" box="[906,1019,983,1009]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>