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<mods:title id="214DAB4137216D4E0E2A8299FCE5536D">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFD03FBEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639367" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291112" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639367" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFD03FBEF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFD03FBEF" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFDBCFF7E" blockId="28.[151,578,151,178]" box="[151,578,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFDBCFF7E" bold="true" box="[151,578,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFDBCFF7E" ID-CoL="3ZKK6" authority="(Hickson, 1940)" baseAuthorityName="Hickson" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[151,578,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFDBCFF7E" bold="true" box="[151,578,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF56FF6EFE86FF7D" bold="true" box="[151,376,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Melithaea delicata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FE47FF6EFDC4FF7E" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[390,570,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="3 - 22" refId="ref102706" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1940) The species of genus Acabaria in the Red Sea. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al- Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 2, 3 - 22." type="journal article" year="1940">Hickson, 1940</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0AFFB0FF56FF25FC70FE57" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FF25FC50FF3B" blockId="28.[151,1081,219,336]" box="[151,942,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0AFFB0FF56FF25FC50FF3B" box="[151,942,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0AFFB0FF56FF25FDEEFF3C" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[151,528,219,244]" page="16" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1940">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FF56FF25FDEEFF3C" ID-CoL="8NMG" authority="Hickson, 1940: 16" authorityName="Hickson" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,528,219,244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF56FF25FEB0FF3B" box="[151,334,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acabaria delicata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FE95FF25FDEEFF3C" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[340,528,219,244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="3 - 22" refId="ref102706" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1940) The species of genus Acabaria in the Red Sea. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al- Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 2, 3 - 22." type="journal article" year="1940">Hickson, 1940: 16</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6; pl. 1, fig. 3 (Ghardaqa,
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0AFFB0FC8AFF25FC5DFF3B" box="[843,931,220,244]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FF03FBC7FEDD" blockId="28.[151,1081,219,336]" box="[151,1081,250,274]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0AFFB0FF56FF03FBC7FEDD" box="[151,1081,250,274]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0AFFB0FF56FF03FDD4FEDD" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[151,554,250,274]" page="41" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1987">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FF56FF03FDD4FEDD" ID-CoL="8NMQ" authority="Ofwegen 1987: 41" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,554,250,274]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracillima">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF56FF03FE98FEDD" box="[151,358,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acabaria gracillima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FEADFF03FDD4FEDD" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[364,554,250,274]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen 1987: 41</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 26 (specimen of
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0AFFB0FCC6FF03FC40FEDD" author="Stiasny, G." box="[775,958,250,274]" page="147" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FCC6FF03FC40FEDD" author="Stiasny, G." box="[775,958,250,274]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="121 - 193" refId="ref107236" refString="Stiasny, G. (1940) Gorgonaria aus dem Roten Meere. Sammlung Ddr. Cyril Crossland, Ghardaqa, und der., &quot; Mabahith &quot; Expedition 1934 - 5. Publications of the Marine Biological Station of Al-Ghardaqa, Red Sea, 2, 121 - 193." type="journal article" year="1940">Stiasny 1940: 147</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0AFFB0FC0AFF03FBDAFEDD" box="[971,1060,250,274]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
)).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FEE0FCF8FEFE" blockId="28.[151,1081,219,336]" box="[151,774,281,305]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0AFFB0FF56FEE0FCF8FEFE" box="[151,774,281,305]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0AFFB0FF56FEE0FF43FEFF" box="[151,189,281,304]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Not</collectingRegion>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0AFFB0FF05FEE0FD73FEFE" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[196,653,281,305]" page="42" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1987">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FF05FEE0FD73FEFE" ID-CoL="8NMG" authority="Ofwegen 1987: 38 - 42" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityPageNumber="38 - 42" authorityYear="1987" box="[196,653,281,305]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF05FEE0FE5CFEFE" box="[196,418,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acabaria aff. delicata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FE66FEE0FD73FEFE" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[423,653,281,305]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen 1987: 3842</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2425.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FEC1FD11FE80" blockId="28.[151,1081,219,336]" box="[151,751,311,336]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B0AFFB0FF56FEC1FD11FE80" box="[151,751,311,336]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0AFFB0FF56FEC1FF43FE80" box="[151,189,312,335]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Not</collectingRegion>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B0AFFB0FF05FEC1FD95FE9F" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[196,619,312,336]" page="19" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2000">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FF05FEC1FD95FE9F" ID-CoL="8NMG" authority="Grasshoff 2000: 17 - 19" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="17 - 19" authorityYear="2000" box="[196,619,312,336]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF05FEC1FE84FE9F" box="[196,378,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acabaria delicata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FE41FEC1FD95FE9F" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[384,619,312,336]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff 2000: 1719</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 2527.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FE87FC70FE57" blockId="28.[151,910,382,408]" box="[151,910,382,408]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B0AFFB0FF56FE3FFD03FBEF" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF56FE3FFED7FE2F" blockId="28.[151,1437,454,1056]" box="[151,297,454,480]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF06FE12FF22FCEB" blockId="28.[151,1437,454,1056]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF06FE12FE65FDCB" box="[199,411,490,516]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: This species was originally named
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FCF7FE13FC01FDCB" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[822,1023,490,516]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FCF7FE13FC01FDCB" box="[822,1023,490,516]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acabaria delicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In his original description, Hickson stated that the sclerites were mostly very narrow, with simple well-spaced tubercles and unlike those of any other species of the genus and he figured four, very simplistic, sclerite drawings, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FBC2FDCBFB45FD83" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[1027,1211,562,588]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen (1987)</bibRefCitation>
figured the sclerites from a specimen identified by Stiasny as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FDB4FDAFFC51FDBF" authority="Ridley" authorityName="Ridley" box="[629,943,598,624]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracillima">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FDB4FDAFFCA5FDBF" box="[629,859,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acabaria gracillima</emphasis>
Ridley
</taxonomicName>
which he stated were identical to those on one of Hicksons microscope slides of the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B0AFFB0FDB3FD83FD5CFD5B" box="[626,674,634,660]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FD06FD82FCB0FD5B" box="[711,846,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FD06FD82FCB5FD5B" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[711,843,634,660]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">M. delicata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The sclerites figured by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FBA4FD83FABDFD5B" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[1125,1347,634,660]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FB78FD82FB14FD5B" box="[1209,1258,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
include many large, robust, heavily warted spindles—some unilaterally developed; and they bear very little resemblance to those figured by Ofwegen. It seems likely the authors based their identification on
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FBEBFD3BFB03FD13" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[1066,1277,706,732]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoffs (2000)</bibRefCitation>
description of the species as the list of synonyms is the same and the figured sclerites are similar, but they do not cite Grasshoffs paper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0AFFB0FF06FCD7FD03FBEF" blockId="28.[151,1437,454,1056]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
The paper of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FEA7FCD7FDB0FC87" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[358,590,814,840]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FE7FFCD6FE07FC87" box="[446,505,814,840]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
appears not to have been peer reviewed as it contains many errors, both typographic and contextual. For example: 1) the list of valid synonymic references for
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FBB8FCABFB0AFCA3" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[1145,1268,850,876]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FBB8FCABFB0AFCA3" box="[1145,1268,850,876]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. delicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the same as that given by Grasshoff, but it includes three that Grasshoff specifically stated were not conspecific; 2) they include as a synonym
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FEFCFC63FD7DFC7B" authority="Grasshoff 1976" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1976" box="[317,643,922,948]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biserialis">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FEFCFC63FE39FC7B" box="[317,455,922,948]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. biserialis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0AFFB0FE11FC63FD7DFC7B" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[464,643,922,948]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="23 - 35" refId="ref101353" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1976) Gorgonaria aus Riffen von Eilat, Rotes Meer (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), Senckenbergiana boil. Frankfurt, 77 (1), 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="1976">Grasshoff 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but that is also given as a synonym in their description of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FAF3FC63FF01FC17" baseAuthorityName="Kükenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melthaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biserialis">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FAF3FC63FF01FC17" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Melthaea biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 3) part of the text states, “The coenenchyme has spindle simple irregular tuberculation sclerites and club shape sclerites presented in the calyx … The average surface of calyx is
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0AFFB0FC06FC1BFBD2FC33" box="[967,1068,994,1020]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
to
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B0AFFB0FB91FC1BFB4AFC33" box="[1104,1204,994,1020]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.04">1.04 mm</quantity>
clubs and spindles”.
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0AFFB0FF56FBFFFE9CFBEF" baseAuthorityName="Hickson" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[151,354,1030,1056]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melthaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0AFFB0FF56FBFFFE9CFBEF" box="[151,354,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Melthaea delicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably endemic to the
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B0AFFB0FD58FBFFFD07FBEF" box="[665,761,1030,1056]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>