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<mods:title id="9CEFC3BF8BF484C398A9BE2269CF4352">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D649DEB3152698CA6B55C1B30E6A474D">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B08FFB2FF56FC08FB6DF88D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641046" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641046" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B08FFB2FF56FC08FB6DF88D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B08FFB2FF56FC08FB6DF88D" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B08FFB2FF56FC08FDB7FBC4" box="[151,585,1009,1036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF56FC08FDB7FBC4" blockId="30.[151,585,1009,1036]" box="[151,585,1009,1036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B08FFB2FF56FC08FDB7FBC4" bold="true" box="[151,585,1009,1036]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FF56FC08FDB7FBC4" ID-CoL="3ZKLT" ID-ENA="1130142" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,585,1009,1036]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FF56FC08FDB7FBC4" bold="true" box="[151,585,1009,1036]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FF56FC08FE8DFBC4" bold="true" box="[151,371,1009,1036]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Melithaea retifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FE42FC08FDBFFBC4" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[387,577,1009,1035]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref103915" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B08FFB2FF56FBCFFC70FB59" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF56FBCFFDE8FB81" blockId="30.[151,534,1078,1102]" box="[151,534,1078,1102]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B08FFB2FF56FBCFFDE8FB81" box="[151,534,1078,1102]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B08FFB2FF56FBCFFDE8FB81" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[151,534,1078,1102]" page="299" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1816">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FF56FBCFFDE8FB81" authority="Lamarck, 1816: 299" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,534,1078,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FF56FBCFFEBDFB81" box="[151,323,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Melitaea retifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FE88FBCFFDE8FB81" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[329,534,1078,1102]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref103915" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816: 299</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF56FB85FC70FB59" blockId="30.[151,910,1148,1175]" box="[151,910,1148,1175]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B08FFB2FF56FB3DFB6DF88D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF56FB3DFED7FB11" blockId="30.[151,1436,1220,1318]" box="[151,297,1220,1246]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF06FB11FEC0FAE9" blockId="30.[151,1436,1220,1318]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FF06FB11FC54FACD" box="[199,938,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FC7AFB10FAD5FACC" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[955,1323,1256,1283]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1516 - 1520" refId="ref103476" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019 a) New record of Melithaea retifera (Lamarck, 1816) from Andaman and Nicobar Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (10), 1516 - 1520." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FBD3FB10FBBBFACD" box="[1042,1093,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2019a: 15171518
</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 13 (Havelock Is.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF06FAACFD43F989" blockId="30.[151,1437,1364,1859]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FF06FAACFE65FAA1" box="[199,411,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: Originally named
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FDB6FAADFCCBFAA1" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[631,821,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FDB6FAADFCCBFAA1" box="[631,821,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Melitaea retifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the taxonomic details of this old Lamarck species are unknown, so it is not possible to objectively identify any specimens as this species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FBFCFA80FAD9FA5D" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[1085,1319,1400,1427]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1516 - 1520" refId="ref103476" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2019 a) New record of Melithaea retifera (Lamarck, 1816) from Andaman and Nicobar Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (10), 1516 - 1520." type="journal article" year="2019">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FB53FA80FB34FA5D" box="[1170,1226,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
(2019a)
</bibRefCitation>
obviously based their description on “?
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FE20FA65FC91FA79" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[481,879,1436,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FE20FA65FD5BFA79" box="[481,677,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mopsella retifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FD77FA65FC99FA79" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[694,871,1436,1462]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref103915" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
” in the paper by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FBFBFA65FB06FA79" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. &amp; Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M." box="[1082,1272,1436,1462]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="285 - 304" refId="ref109450" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P., Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M. (2000) The Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of Singapore. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 73, 285 - 304." type="journal article" year="2000">Ofwegen (2000)</bibRefCitation>
, but appear to have misunderstood the context. They used a near identical synonymy list but included
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FBB5FA38FAB3FA14" authority="Esper" authorityName="Esper" box="[1140,1357,1473,1499]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantia">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FBB5FA38FAFCFA15" box="[1140,1282,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Isis aurantia</emphasis>
Esper
</taxonomicName>
, which Ofwegen had stated was not a synonym. Several early authors (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FC45FA1DFB9DFA31" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[900,1123,1508,1534]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal 1924: 67</bibRefCitation>
) placed
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FB00FA1DFA80FA31" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1217,1406,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FB00FA1DFA80FA31" box="[1217,1406,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Melitaea retifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FEF7F9F1FD58F9ED" authority="(Esper, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[310,678,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantia">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FEF7F9F1FDF8F9ED" box="[310,518,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mopsella aurantia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FDD4F9F1FD61F9ED" author="Esper, E. J. G." box="[533,671,1544,1570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref100627" refString="Esper, E. J. G. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit. Farben erleuchtet nest Beschreibungen, Nurnberg, 48 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper, 1798</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, original name
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FC95F9F0FB8EF9ED" authority="Esper, 1798" authorityName="Esper" authorityYear="1798" box="[852,1136,1544,1571]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantia">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FC95F9F0FC1FF9ED" box="[852,993,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Isis aurantia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FC28F9F0FB8EF9ED" author="Esper, E. J. G." box="[1001,1136,1544,1571]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref100627" refString="Esper, E. J. G. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit. Farben erleuchtet nest Beschreibungen, Nurnberg, 48 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper, 1798</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FB67F9F0FACAF9ED" box="[1190,1332,1545,1570]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Isis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantia">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FB67F9F0FACAF9ED" box="[1190,1332,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Isis aurantia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found not to be a
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FE9DF9D5FE3AF989" box="[348,452,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FE9DF9D5FE3AF989" box="[348,452,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mopsella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Grasshoff 1991).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B08FFB2FF06F9A9FB6DF88D" blockId="30.[151,1437,1364,1859]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FF06F9A9FE8FF9A4" author="Kolliker, R. A." box="[199,369,1616,1643]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="95 - 181" refId="ref102988" refString="Kolliker, R. A. (1865) Die bidessubstanz der Coelentraten. In: Kolliker, A (Ed.), Icons histiologicae oder Atlas der verglechenden Gewebelehre. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 95 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82233" type="book chapter" year="1865">Kolliker (1865</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 19, fig. 38) figured a coenenchymal sclerite of a form typical for some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FAF5F9A9FA62F9A5" box="[1332,1436,1616,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FAF5F9A9FA62F9A5" box="[1332,1436,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mopsella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from what he claimed was a specimen of
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FDBBF98DFCBCF941" box="[634,834,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FDBBF98DFCC0F941" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[634,830,1652,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">Melitaea retifera</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FC8AF98DFBBEF941" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. &amp; Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M." box="[843,1088,1652,1678]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="285 - 304" refId="ref109450" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P., Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M. (2000) The Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of Singapore. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 73, 285 - 304." type="journal article" year="2000">Ofwegen (2000: 298)</bibRefCitation>
likened this sclerite form to a flower bud and on the assumption that the original
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FD2DF961FC53F97D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[748,941,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FD2DF961FC53F97D" box="[748,941,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Melitaea retifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been a
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FB45F961FB12F97D" box="[1156,1260,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FB45F961FB12F97D" box="[1156,1260,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mopsella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
he described a species of that genus that had “flower-bud”-like sclerites, but he offered the disclaimer: “...we provisionally describe the species as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FEF4F919FD42F935" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[309,700,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FEF4F919FE09F935" box="[309,503,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mopsella retifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B08FFB2FDC4F919FD4AF935" author="Lamarck, M. C." box="[517,692,1760,1786]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref103915" refString="Lamarck, M. C. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Whether Lamarcks
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B08FFB2FC6BF919FB99F935" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[938,1127,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retifera">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FC6BF919FB99F935" box="[938,1127,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Melitaea retifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the same as the presently described material is a subject for further research.” Regardless, the coenenchymal “flower-buds”, spindles, and calyx leaf clubs figured by Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B08FFB2FDDCF8D0FDA8F88D" box="[541,598,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
are quite different to those illustrated by Ofwegen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>