187 lines
21 KiB
XML
187 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0149258241DF4E2CE8AED85513110ECE">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="74980A7790CD075FAC1459D664A691D0">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA8537FD9118D6F3371DE0D824F8812E">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1A98B6EDDFEAE7C4F65B382D8626BCB6" type="email">phil.alderslade@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DC4321249E2B55330236D90F6B192340">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="358B935F242A79E9C747501CAC5BCA25">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9150B54B8BD428EC9C84C9BA7365BED0">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7230D8CD8BCAE63536A1D6E885A34672">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B03FFB9FF56FF6EFA63FC12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639349" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639349" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B03FFB9FF56FF6EFA63FC12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B03FFB9FF56FF6EFA63FC12" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B03FFB9FF56FF6EFD3CFF7E" box="[151,706,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF56FF6EFD3CFF7E" blockId="21.[151,706,151,178]" box="[151,706,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B03FFB9FF56FF6EFD3CFF7E" bold="true" box="[151,706,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FF56FF6EFD3CFF7E" ID-CoL="4Y653" authority="Germanos, 1896" authorityName="Germanos" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,706,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sterroclonium">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF56FF6EFD3CFF7E" bold="true" box="[151,706,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF56FF6EFE11FF7D" bold="true" box="[151,495,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Solenocaulon sterroclonium</emphasis>
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Germanos, 1896
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B03FFB9FF56FF25FC9CFEFE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF56FF25FB98FF3B" blockId="21.[151,1126,219,305]" box="[151,1126,219,244]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FF56FF25FD35FF3C" ID-CoL="86WK2" authority="Germanos, 1896: 151 - 157" authorityName="Germanos" authorityPageNumber="151 - 157" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,715,219,244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sterroklonium">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF56FF25FE4AFF3B" box="[151,436,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Solenocaulon sterroklonium</emphasis>
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Germanos, 1896: 151–157
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 9, figs. 1–2, pl. 11, fig. 16 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B03FFB9FBC8FF25FBA5FF3B" box="[1033,1115,220,244]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ternate</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF56FF03FC18FEDD" blockId="21.[151,1126,219,305]" box="[151,998,250,274]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FF56FF03FD8AFEDD" ID-CoL="866VD" authority="Germanos, 1896: 157" authorityName="Germanos" authorityPageNumber="157" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,628,250,274]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diplocalyx">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF56FF03FE6FFEDD" box="[151,401,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Solenocaulon diplocalyx</emphasis>
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Germanos, 1896: 157
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 9, fig. 3, pl. 11, fig 17 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B03FFB9FC48FF03FC25FEDD" box="[905,987,250,274]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ternate</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF56FEE0FC9CFEFE" blockId="21.[151,1126,219,305]" box="[151,866,281,305]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B03FFB9FF56FEE0FC9CFEFE" box="[151,866,281,305]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B03FFB9FF56FEE0FD73FEFE" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,653,281,305]" page="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="2000">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FF56FEE0FD73FEFE" ID-CoL="4Y653" authority="Grasshoff 2000: 4 - 5" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="4 - 5" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,653,281,305]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sterroclonium">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF56FEE0FE4AFEFE" box="[151,436,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Solenocaulon sterroclonium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FE7AFEE0FD73FEFE" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[443,653,281,305]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff 2000: 4–5</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 1–3 (
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<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B03FFB9FD3CFEE0FCA9FEFE" box="[765,855,281,305]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B03FFB9FF56FEA6FEE7FDE2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF56FEA6FC24FEB6" blockId="21.[151,986,351,378]" box="[151,986,351,378]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Opinion: It is not possible to determine if this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF56FE5EFED7FE0E" blockId="21.[151,1436,423,557]" box="[151,297,423,449]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF06FE32FEE7FDE2" blockId="21.[151,1436,423,557]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF06FE32FC5FFE2A" box="[199,929,459,485]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FC70FE32FAA6FE29" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[945,1368,459,486]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 157–159</bibRefCitation>
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, 160– 161 (table) (Andamans);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FE74FE16FD72FDC6" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[437,652,495,521]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 16</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1, fig. 1–1f (Tuticorin);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FC0EFE16FB16FDC6" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[975,1256,495,522]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FB80FE09FB8DFDC6" box="[1089,1139,495,521]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 12
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1, fig. 1–1c (Tuticorin).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B03FFB9FF06FDA5FA63FC12" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF06FDA5FE5CFDB9" blockId="21.[151,1437,603,990]" box="[199,418,603,630]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF06FDA5FE65FDBA" box="[199,411,603,629]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF06FD86FCB0FCE6" blockId="21.[151,1437,603,990]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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This species was first described from
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B03FFB9FDAAFD86FD22FD56" box="[619,732,639,665]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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. The report by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FC42FD86FB3DFD56" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[899,1219,639,665]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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is not illustrated so it is impossible to know what species these authors had. The descriptions of Indian material by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FB75FD5AFA90FD72" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1204,1390,675,701]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FF56FD3EFE6FFD2E" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,401,711,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FEC9FD31FEC7FD2E" box="[264,313,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are identical and very brief, and it is impossible to relate the small figures of dense mixtures of sclerites to any species. These authors refer the reader to the description given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FBF7FD12FB0BFCCA" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[1078,1269,747,773]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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for a specimen from the Red Sea.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FEA9FCE9FD92FCE6" author="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K." box="[360,620,783,810]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref105853" refString="Rao, D. V. & Devi, K. (2003) Studies on the soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper, 206, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="2003">Rao & Devi (2003: 94)</bibRefCitation>
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just list the species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B03FFB9FF06FCCDFA63FC12" blockId="21.[151,1437,603,990]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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We wonder if the illustrations for
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FDF4FCCAFC90FC82" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[565,878,819,845]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sterroclonium">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FDF4FCCAFC90FC82" box="[565,878,819,845]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Solenocaulon sterroclonium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(plate 1) and for
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FBE7FCCAFB4FFC82" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[1062,1201,819,845]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FBE7FCCAFB4FFC82" box="[1062,1201,819,845]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. tortuosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(plate 2) of
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FAF3FCCAFF1FFCBE" author="Fernando, S. A." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FED4FCAEFDF2FCBE" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[277,524,855,882]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FE45FCA1FE4BFCBE" box="[388,437,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are perhaps reversed. The colony captioned as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FBD4FCAEFAB1FCBE" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[1045,1359,855,881]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sterroclonium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FBD4FCAEFAB1FCBE" box="[1045,1359,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Solenocaulon sterroclonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no substantial, narrow branches, which is quite unlike the illustrations given by Germanos and Grasshoff, but is much more like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FECBFC66FE66FC76" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[266,408,927,953]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FECBFC66FE66FC76" box="[266,408,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. tortuosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B03FFB9FDFBFC66FD0DFC76" author="Gray, J. E." box="[570,755,927,953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="34 - 37" refId="ref101798" refString="Gray, J. E. (1862) Description of two new genera of Zoophytes (Solenocaulon and Bellonella) discovered on the north coast of Australia by Mr. Rayner. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1862, 34 - 37." type="journal article" year="1862">Gray (1862: 36)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. On the other hand, the colony figured by the Indian authors for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FF00FC3AFEACFC12" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1862" box="[193,338,963,989]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FF00FC3AFEACFC12" box="[193,338,963,989]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">S. tortuosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does have substantial, narrow branches and resembles Grasshoff’s figures for
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B03FFB9FB1AFC3AFA63FC12" box="[1243,1437,963,989]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B03FFB9FB1AFC3AFA67FC12" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="2000" box="[1243,1433,963,989]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Solenocaulon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sterroclonium">S. sterroclonium</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |