190 lines
22 KiB
XML
190 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A20BCF0ED83553A9B9CF7B7D246C96D6">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2D7942D878BD329CC27BE3E9237274BF">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="77C0B80278E5045172E6E4C4CA69AF7B">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F73CB60F429BE2E5344833AA679F651A">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D8ED04A5B943F11A91DF01DA6DC8205D">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDB6FB32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639357" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639357" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDB6FB32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDB6FB32" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDC1FE8E" box="[151,575,295,322]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDC1FE8E" blockId="22.[151,575,295,322]" box="[151,575,295,322]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDC1FE8E" bold="true" box="[151,575,295,322]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDC1FE8E" ID-CoL="53D4D" ID-ENA="1440973" authority="Thomson, 1905" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,575,295,322]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FEDEFDC1FE8E" bold="true" box="[151,575,295,322]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FEDEFE86FE8D" bold="true" box="[151,376,295,322]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Subergorgia rubra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE41FEDEFDC1FE8E" author="Thomson, J. A." box="[384,575,295,321]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="167 - 186" refId="ref108270" refString="Thomson, J. A. (1905) Appendix to the report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Part 4 (Supplementary Report), pp. 167 - 186, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1905">Thomson, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF56FE95FEB7FE0E" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FE95FEB7FE0E" blockId="22.[151,1436,363,449]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFF56FE95FDCDFE4B" author="Thomson, J. A." box="[151,563,363,388]" page="172" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFF56FE95FDCDFE4B" ID-CoL="53D4D" authority="Thomson, 1905: 172" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="172" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,563,363,388]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF56FE95FEABFE4B" box="[151,341,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Subergorgia rubra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE9DFE95FDCDFE4B" author="Thomson, J. A." box="[348,563,363,388]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="167 - 186" refId="ref108270" refString="Thomson, J. A. (1905) Appendix to the report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Part 4 (Supplementary Report), pp. 167 - 186, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1905">Thomson, 1905: 172</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 4 (Sri Lankan seas);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFCFFFE95FC04FE4B" author="Stiasny, G." box="[830,1018,364,388]" page="107" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1937">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFCFFFE95FC04FE4B" author="Stiasny, G." box="[830,1018,364,388]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny 1937: 107</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 8, figs. 49–52, text fig. II;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFAF8FE95FED8FE6D" author="Grasshoff, M." page="15" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1999">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFAF8FE95FED8FE6D" author="Grasshoff, M." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 15</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 17a (
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B00FFBAFE57FE73FDC2FE6D" box="[406,572,394,418]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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||
);
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFD90FE73FCF1FE6D" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[593,783,394,418]" page="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2000">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD90FE73FCF1FE6D" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[593,783,394,418]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff 2000: 7</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 6–7 (Red Sea);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B00FFBAFC3CFE73FB0EFE6D" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1021,1264,394,418]" page="18" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2011">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC3CFE73FB0EFE6D" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1021,1264,394,418]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 18–19</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 2, fig. 2–2e (Cuddalore).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF56FE16FC3AFD56" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FE16FC95FDC6" blockId="22.[151,875,495,522]" box="[151,875,495,522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Opinion: There is evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF56FDCEFED7FD9E" blockId="22.[151,1437,567,666]" box="[151,297,567,593]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06FDA2FC3AFD56" blockId="22.[151,1437,567,666]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF06FDA2FC55FDBA" box="[199,939,603,629]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC7DFDA5FB26FDBA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[956,1240,603,630]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFBD2FDA5FBB8FDBA" box="[1043,1094,603,629]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014a: 106
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 50, fig. A–D (South Andaman);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFEADFD86FD7FFD56" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[364,641,639,666]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFE1CFD79FDF0FD56" box="[477,526,639,665]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 17
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. A–D (Cuddalore).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B00FFBAFF06FD31FDB6FB32" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06FD31FE5CFD2D" blockId="22.[151,1437,711,1277]" box="[199,418,711,738]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFF06FD31FE65FD2E" box="[199,411,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06FD12FEA6FCBD" blockId="22.[151,1437,711,1277]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
This species was erected by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFDC4FD12FD3FFCC9" author="Thomson, J. A." box="[517,705,747,774]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="167 - 186" refId="ref108270" refString="Thomson, J. A. (1905) Appendix to the report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Part 4 (Supplementary Report), pp. 167 - 186, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1905">Thomson (1905)</bibRefCitation>
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for a specimen from Sri Lankan waters, but the description, with no sclerite figures, is totally inadequate to characterise this species.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC59FCF6FBA7FCE6" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[920,1113,783,809]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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||
stated that he had examined a fragment of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B00FFBAFEA5FCCAFE38FC82" box="[356,454,819,845]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
to confirm the species occurs in the
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B00FFBAFCADFCCAFC2AFC82" box="[876,980,819,845]" name="Maldives" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Maldives</collectingCountry>
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and said that the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFA8BFCCAFF1CFCBE" author="Stiasny, G." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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||
is correct.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06FC85FDE6FBCE" blockId="22.[151,1437,711,1277]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
In the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD86FC82FCF8FC5A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[583,774,891,917]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFC84FC82FBB2FC5A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[837,1100,891,918]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFC7BFC85FC11FC5A" box="[954,1007,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
the text is identical, but the illustrations are different even though the material examined is the same. But, in the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFF56FC3AFE6DFC12" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,403,963,990]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFEC9FC3DFEC4FC12" box="[264,314,963,989]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE0BFC3DFD48FC12" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[458,694,963,990]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFDDEFC3DFDA6FC12" box="[543,600,963,989]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is different, but the illustrations are identical even though the material examined is different.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B00FFBAFF06FBF2FDB6FB32" blockId="22.[151,1437,711,1277]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The specimen figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFE29FBF2FD5BFBEA" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[488,677,1035,1061]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">Fernando (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFD1CFBF5FC34FBEA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[733,970,1035,1062]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFCF3FBF5FC9AFBEA" box="[818,868,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with its secund branching and secondary dichotomy is quite different from the colony in their underwater photograph and also very different from the irregularly-pinnate/laterally-branched colony illustrated by Stiasny. Likewise, the figured spindles with their large warts, some in girdles, bear little resemblance to the densely warted, robust spindles and ovals figured by Stiasny and also by Grasshoff. However, the colony and the sclerites illustrated with the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFB7EFB62FA84FB7A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1215,1402,1179,1205]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
do look very much like
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFE42FB46FDA2FB16" box="[387,604,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B00FFBAFE42FB46FDA9FB16" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1905" box="[387,599,1215,1241]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Subergorgia rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B00FFBAFDA2FB39FCBAFB15" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[611,836,1215,1242]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B00FFBAFD78FB39FD15FB16" box="[697,747,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the species and provides the colony figure from the 2014 and 2017 publications above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |