213 lines
22 KiB
XML
213 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F7E99BD94571E747E5E77C770E58A04D">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1FAFEB2B5EA258E41C9C043233AB8D18">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9373C90F80606730C4D3C1048DCB7235">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AEE8DA962CFC9FA6E8802390257DCBE7">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="084F095911E071498C1FF3F07EB5F55D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4FDE60C53E730F0F40D8A660A9201A41">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="08550749D3F371C6AA2900A081975DF7">4066</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFBBB128CEEC908B22ECF8FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614526" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614526" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFBBB128CEEC908B22ECF8FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFBBB128CEEC908B22ECF8FB" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFBBB128CEEC908B25D6FEBB" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBBB128CEEC908B27C2FE26" blockId="27.[151,468,752,778]" box="[151,468,752,778]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFBBB128CEEC908B27C2FE26" bold="true" box="[151,468,752,778]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEEC908B27C2FE26" bold="true" box="[151,468,752,778]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEB4908B2765FE26" ID-CoL="624K3" ID-ENA="4619" box="[207,371,752,778]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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feeders
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBBB128CEEC914325D6FEBB" blockId="27.[151,1437,822,1495]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
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Four Afrotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CF1F914D27FCFE63" box="[356,490,822,847]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CF8A9143249DFE63" box="[497,651,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">incertae sedis</emphasis>
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genera are known to include
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CDAD91432273FE63" box="[982,1125,824,847]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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feeders.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CAB0914D237BFE63" box="[1227,1389,822,847]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Rhabdomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CAB0914D237BFE63" box="[1227,1389,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Rhabdomantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEEC912026E8FE58" box="[151,254,859,884]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Osmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEEC912026E8FE58" box="[151,254,859,884]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Osmodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have only been recorded from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CCF29127250DFE5F" box="[649,795,860,883]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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, whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CDE391202232FE58" box="[920,1060,859,884]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CDE391202232FE58" box="[920,1060,859,884]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CA11912022C4FE58" box="[1130,1234,859,884]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CA11912022C4FE58" box="[1130,1234,859,884]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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include selected representatives that use this food plant family and both are paraphyletic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFBBB128CEBC91D822ECF8FB" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBBB128CEBC91D824B4F994" blockId="27.[151,1437,822,1495]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CF3B91D827F4FE90" box="[320,482,931,956]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Rhabdomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CF3B91D827F4FE90" box="[320,482,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Rhabdomantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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comprises two species and only differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CDA791D82255FE90" box="[988,1091,931,956]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Osmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CDA791D82255FE90" box="[988,1091,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Osmodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the absence of any brand on the hindwing and in the appearance, particularly in the absence of silvery spots on the hindwing below according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CEEC91972722F92F" author="Evans" box="[151,308,1003,1027]" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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. Although
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CFCD91972441F928" author="Larsen" box="[438,599,1003,1028]" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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suggests there are affinities between the genitalia of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CABC9190237FF928" box="[1223,1385,1003,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Rhabdomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CABC9190237FF928" box="[1223,1385,1003,1028]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Rhabdomantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEEC967526E8F90B" box="[151,254,1038,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Osmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEEC967526E8F90B" box="[151,254,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Osmodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, he subsequently changed his view, considering the genitalia to be very different (T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2014, 2015). The
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<typeStatus id="5494D7F7FFBBB128CFC9964F27F4F960" box="[434,482,1076,1100]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">type</typeStatus>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CC3C964F252DF960" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[583,827,1075,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Rhabdomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galatia">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CC3C964F24A3F960" box="[583,693,1075,1100]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">R. galatia</emphasis>
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(Hewitson)
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</taxonomicName>
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is found from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CD9B96482279F967" box="[992,1135,1075,1100]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
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to western
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CA8B96482351F960" box="[1264,1351,1075,1100]" name="Uganda" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CB2D964826C4F943" author="Evans" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CEA5962D27AEF943" author="Ackery" box="[222,440,1110,1135]" pageId="27" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CF419623277BF943" box="[314,365,1110,1135]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CFB696232491F943" author="Vuattoux" box="[461,647,1111,1135]" pageId="27" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reports rearing a single specimen from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CA2A962D272EF9BF" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Trachyphrynium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="braunianum">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CA2A962D238AF943" box="[1105,1436,1110,1135]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Trachyphrynium braunianum</emphasis>
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(Marantaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CF1A960027EBF9B8" box="[353,509,1147,1172]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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. This record is repeated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CD3B960725F7F9B8" author="Larsen" box="[832,993,1147,1172]" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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and Vande weghe (2010). There is no other information on the biology of this genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBBB128CEBC96B82270F840" blockId="27.[151,1437,822,1495]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CEBC96B826F0F9F7" box="[199,230,1219,1243]" name="American Samoa" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">As</collectingCountry>
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discussed above under
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CF8296B82493F9F0" box="[505,645,1219,1244]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CF8296B82493F9F0" box="[505,645,1219,1244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the late T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2015) planned to establish a new genus for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CF7196932769F9D3" box="[266,383,1256,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="astrape">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CF7196932769F9D3" box="[266,383,1256,1279]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">X. astrape</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a species that had been placed in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CD76969D258FF9D3" box="[781,921,1254,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CD76969D258FF9D3" box="[781,921,1254,1279]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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but is not closely related to this or any other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CF7097702787F808" box="[267,401,1291,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CFE197772421F808" box="[410,567,1291,1316]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">incertae sedis</emphasis>
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. We have not reared this species, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CD95977722BEF80F" author="Vuattoux" box="[1006,1192,1291,1315]" pageId="27" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reared one specimen from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEAC974B243FF86B" box="[215,553,1326,1351]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Trachyphrynium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="braunianum">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEAC974B2768F86B" box="[215,382,1326,1351]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">T. braunianum</emphasis>
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(Marantaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CC28975424E6F86B" box="[595,752,1326,1351]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
; this record is repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CA5D974B22D1F86B" author="Larsen" box="[1062,1223,1326,1351]" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Vande weghe (2010). Unfortunately we have no further information on the early stages of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBBB128CEBC970D22ECF8FB" blockId="27.[151,1437,822,1495]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEBC970D27A5F8A3" box="[199,435,1398,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangvensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEBC970D27A5F8A3" box="[199,435,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Caenides kangvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reared from the lily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CD6A970D25C1F8A3" box="[785,983,1398,1423]" class="Liliopsida" family="Colchicaceae" genus="Gloriosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CD6A970D25C1F8A3" box="[785,983,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Gloriosa superba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CD93970D2294F8A3" box="[1000,1154,1398,1423]" class="Liliopsida" family="Colchicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Colchicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CA80970D2375F8A3" box="[1275,1379,1398,1423]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Liliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEEC97E02770F898" box="[151,358,1435,1460]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geniculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEEC97E02770F898" box="[151,358,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Thalia geniculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CFDA97E72452F898" box="[417,580,1435,1460]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="welwitschii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CFDA97E72452F898" box="[417,580,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">T. welwitschii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CC1E97E024EEF89F" box="[613,760,1435,1459]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CD6C97E025DAF89F" author="Vuattoux" box="[791,972,1435,1459]" pageId="27" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the early stages have not been documented.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CF5597C4275BF8FB" box="[302,333,1471,1495]" name="American Samoa" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted above, other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CC5197C52484F8FB" box="[554,658,1470,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CC5197C52484F8FB" box="[554,658,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Caenides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CD5297C425B7F8FB" box="[809,929,1471,1495]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CDD097C5225FF8FB" box="[939,1097,1470,1495]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CAFB97C422E3F8FB" box="[1152,1269,1471,1495]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |