195 lines
21 KiB
XML
195 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="44ACCE8A56108AFA58FECFB6E6D5617F" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFB2B121CEEC90D52474F9CE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Xanthodisca Aurivillius 1925" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4BE1A1DAE238971DCF2894E503ED48FC">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7810BE4DCCFED2797AF631F0347A2CEB">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FF26A3FB42722274C699D1314655B025">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8939266104DA4684F2C291C6A1633D32" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2980051D373822E762619EB59DE46C51">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AB079B2FA7A113E49B715C0578AE9313">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="225A5598C5001C952AA457FC8CA589FD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FCFFB8B3914AFA48272FE55DDF92F560">
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<mods:date id="D136E4920CC14578E6B23F5021C6ECAC">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="AD842D659F927366C1CECC2DAD8F309A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1B644F8FC8B1190DAAFC47A667FEF0A1">4066</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1DB3FA2A35722AE6050863889143B056" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFB2B121CEEC90D52474F9CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614508" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333194" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614508" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFB2B121CEEC90D52474F9CE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFB2B121CEEC90D52474F9CE" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB2B121CEEC90D52572FEEE" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB2B121CEEC90D52413FFE4" blockId="18.[151,517,686,712]" box="[151,517,686,712]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFB2B121CEEC90D52413FFE4" bold="true" box="[151,517,686,712]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CEEC90D52413FFE4" ID-CoL="92QGM" authority="Aurivillius, 1925" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,517,686,712]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CEEC90D52413FFE4" bold="true" box="[151,517,686,712]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CEEC90D52739FFE4" bold="true" box="[151,303,686,712]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CF4E90D52413FFE4" author="Aurivillius" box="[309,517,686,712]" pageId="18" pageNumber="245" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1925) 9. Familie: Hesperidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-schmetterlinge. In Verbindung mit namhaftesten Fachmannern herausgegeben. Die Africanischen Tagfelter. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 505 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1925">Aurivillius, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB2B121CEEC908E2572FEEE" blockId="18.[151,1436,757,1250]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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This genus was introduced by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CF82908E24D1FE22" author="Aurivillius" box="[505,711,757,782]" pageId="18" pageNumber="245" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1925) 9. Familie: Hesperidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-schmetterlinge. In Verbindung mit namhaftesten Fachmannern herausgegeben. Die Africanischen Tagfelter. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 505 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1925">Aurivillius (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CC80908D2259FE22" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[763,1103,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CC80908D25CDFE22" box="[763,987,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Astictopterus vibius</emphasis>
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Hewitson
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CAF0908E238EFE22" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[1163,1432,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rega">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CAF0908E2322FE21" box="[1163,1332,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Pamphila rega</emphasis>
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Mabille
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</taxonomicName>
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, which at that time was considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CC9891622530FE1E" box="[739,806,793,818]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CC9891622530FE1E" box="[739,806,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">vibius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Up until then,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD9B91622235FE1E" box="[992,1059,793,818]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD9B91622235FE1E" box="[992,1059,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">vibius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had been treated as a species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CEEC91462735FE7A" box="[151,291,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CEEC91462735FE7A" box="[151,291,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CF1291452415FE7A" author="Evans" box="[361,515,830,854]" pageId="18" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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considered
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CCE891462509FE7A" box="[659,799,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CCE891462509FE7A" box="[659,799,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be closely allied to
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CA4E914622DCFE7A" box="[1077,1226,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CA4E914622D3FE7A" box="[1077,1221,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pardaleodes</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Evans added two species to the genus:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CFF8911A247CFE55" box="[387,618,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="astrape">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CFF8911A247CFE55" box="[387,618,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Pardaleodes astrape</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from West and central Africa and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD91911A22E4FE56" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[1002,1266,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariel">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD91911A2284FE56" box="[1002,1170,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Pamphila ariel</emphasis>
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Mabille
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</taxonomicName>
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, a Madagascan endemic.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CF7E91FD27DDFEB2" author="Carcasson" box="[261,459,902,926]" pageId="18" pageNumber="245" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CC7E91FE24FBFEB2" box="[517,749,901,926]" pageId="18" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CC1B91FD2484FEB2" box="[608,658,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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treated
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD3191FD25B8FEB2" box="[842,942,901,926]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD3191FD25B8FEB2" box="[842,942,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">X. vibius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD9391FD222FFEB1" box="[1000,1081,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rega">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD9391FD222FFEB1" box="[1000,1081,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">X. rega</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as distinct species, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CB2B91FD26F7FEEE" author="Larsen" pageId="18" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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confirmed that they overlap in distribution in
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB2B121CC9C91D12549FEEE" box="[743,863,938,962]" name="Cameroon" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB2B121CEBC91B62474F9CE" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB2B121CEBC91B62474F9CE" blockId="18.[151,1436,757,1250]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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The late T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2015) re-examined the members of the genus, and concluded that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CB3D91B5238AFECA" box="[1350,1436,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariel">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CB3D91B5238AFECA" box="[1350,1436,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">X. ariel</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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probably belongs to one of the Madagascan endemic genera (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD33918925B0F925" box="[840,934,1010,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD33918925B0F925" box="[840,934,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Perrotia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CDB09189220FF925" box="[971,1049,1010,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Miraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CDB09189220FF925" box="[971,1049,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Miraja</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CAE8918922F1F925" box="[1171,1255,1010,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="astrape">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CAE8918922F1F925" box="[1171,1255,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">astrape</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not related to any other genus, so he planned to describe new genus to hold it. The food plants of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CA36966E2294F902" box="[1101,1154,1045,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ariel">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CA36966E2294F902" box="[1101,1154,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">ariel</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are unknown but Larsen suggests they will be found to be bamboos, whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CCA496412556F97E" box="[735,832,1081,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CCA496412556F97E" box="[735,832,1081,1106]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">X. vibius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD0E964125D1F97D" box="[885,967,1082,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rega">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD0E964125D1F97D" box="[885,967,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">X. rega</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CA5E964122A6F97E" box="[1061,1200,1082,1106]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CA5E964122A6F97E" box="[1061,1200,1082,1106]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Aframomum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
spp. (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CA8996422382F97E" box="[1266,1428,1081,1106]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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|
) and
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CEBD9625272FF959" box="[198,313,1118,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="astrape">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CEBD9625272FF959" box="[198,313,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">X. astrape</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
feeds on
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CFDE96252421F959" box="[421,567,1118,1141]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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|
, and is treated below in the section on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD929625226EF959" box="[1001,1144,1118,1141]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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|
feeders. Contrary to what
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CEEC96FA2772F9B6" author="Aurivillius" box="[151,356,1153,1178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="245" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1925) 9. Familie: Hesperidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-schmetterlinge. In Verbindung mit namhaftesten Fachmannern herausgegeben. Die Africanischen Tagfelter. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 505 - 588." type="book chapter" year="1925">Aurivillius (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB2B121CFE496F9242EF9B6" author="Evans" box="[415,568,1154,1178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
thought,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CCDC96FA2525F9B6" box="[679,819,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CCDC96FA2525F9B6" box="[679,819,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is not closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CA2896FA22C9F9B6" box="[1107,1247,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CA2896FA22C9F9B6" box="[1107,1247,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a grass-feeding genus treated in Cock & Congdon (2014), rather it shows clear affinities with the other Zingiberaceae-feeders treated here, especially
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CFE496B227E8F9CE" box="[415,510,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CFE496B227E8F9CE" box="[415,510,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Semalea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(above).
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |