361 lines
41 KiB
XML
361 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E798FD1E8945E8E9AB2F0B7B2A6CCAB0">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F0830E4E7199F9B9E28E857F55F62C6B">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C3E3DF34F0B1AF6C4EB0DB74CAF00464">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A211EA1D432245A138F22BD1102E17BF">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="099D45E8BC0B5ECB2EA4AAAE82310646">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4B9907A0DB614A06B104D0DE7D451EEA">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFAAB13ECEEC974D25C5FE71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614504" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333209" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614504" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFAAB13ECEEC974D25C5FE71" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFAAB13ECEEC974D25C5FE71" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFAAB139CEEC974D26C9FB9A" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAAB139CEEC974D27E2F87C" blockId="10.[151,500,1334,1360]" box="[151,500,1334,1360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFAAB139CEEC974D27E2F87C" bold="true" box="[151,500,1334,1360]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CEEC974D27E2F87C" ID-CoL="6YDVV" authority="Mabille, 1891" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,500,1334,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CEEC974D27E2F87C" bold="true" box="[151,500,1334,1360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CEEC974D2755F87C" bold="true" box="[151,323,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Semalea arela</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CF31974D27E2F87C" author="Mabille" box="[330,500,1334,1360]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Mabille, P. (1891) Description d'hesperides nouvelles. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 35, lix - lxxxviii, cvi - cxxi, clxviii - clxxxvii (59 - 88, 106 - 121, 168 - 187)." type="journal article" year="1891">Mabille, 1891</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAAB139CEEC970626C9FB9A" blockId="10.[151,1436,1405,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
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This species (
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<figureCitation id="131475D0FFAAB139CF5497062788F8BA" box="[303,414,1405,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1116,1138]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,267,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,267,1091]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 13. Adult male Semalea arela at rest; reared from final instar caterpillar collected 18 Dec 1989, on Aframomum orientale, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills, Kenya; adult emerged and photographed 11 Jan 1990; MJWC 89 / 102." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264666/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Figure 13</figureCitation>
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) was described from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CCEB970624CDF8BA" box="[656,731,1405,1430]" name="Gabon" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CC9297062592F8BA" author="Mabille" box="[745,900,1405,1430]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Mabille, P. (1891) Description d'hesperides nouvelles. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 35, lix - lxxxviii, cvi - cxxi, clxviii - clxxxvii (59 - 88, 106 - 121, 168 - 187)." type="journal article" year="1891">Mabille 1891</bibRefCitation>
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), and occurs from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CA2E970622B8F8BA" box="[1109,1198,1405,1430]" name="Senegal" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CAA99706233FF8BA" box="[1234,1321,1405,1430]" name="Uganda" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and south to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CECF97DA271AF896" box="[180,268,1441,1466]" name="Zambia" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, and in coastal forests from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CC3197D92485F896" box="[586,659,1442,1466]" name="Kenya" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CCCC97DA255DF896" box="[695,843,1441,1466]" name="Mozambique" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CD2197D925F4F896" author="Evans" box="[858,994,1442,1466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CD9597DA22D7F896" author="Ackery" box="[1006,1217,1441,1466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CA3C97D9226EF896" box="[1095,1144,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CAB697D9234BF896" author="Larsen" box="[1229,1373,1441,1466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). The male has a brand on either side of the origin of vein 2 of the forewing. In
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CDB897BD2219F8F2" box="[963,1039,1478,1502]" name="Kenya" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, MJWC has found this species only in the Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills, where its food plant
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CD3097912252FB2E" box="[843,1092,1513,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientale">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CD3097912252FB2E" box="[843,1092,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Aframomum orientale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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grows. However, it is known more widely from the
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CFEF947527CBFB0A" box="[404,477,1550,1574]" name="Kenya" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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coast and inland from Meru (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CD54947525A9FB0A" author="Larsen" box="[815,959,1550,1574]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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), but does not seem to be known from the western forests. Although the adults are scarce in MJWC’s experience—perhaps because he has not visited the site in the first half of the morning when
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CC45942D24CBFB42" author="Larsen" box="[574,733,1622,1646]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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reports that the adults fly—the caterpillars are not difficult to find. In
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAAB139CE889402274DFBBE" box="[243,347,1657,1682]" name="Tanzania" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, it is found wherever
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CC2F940124C8FBBE" box="[596,734,1658,1682]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CC2F940124C8FBBE" box="[596,734,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Aframomum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. grow from
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<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFAAB139CDE59401222BFBBE" box="[926,1085,1658,1682]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="m" value="1200.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="400.0">400 to 2000m</quantity>
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(TCEC observations,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CB40940226C5FB9A" author="Kielland" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFAAB13ECEBC94BA25C5FE71" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAAB138CEBC94BA254EFDF9" blockId="10.[151,1436,1405,2006]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CEBC94BA274DFBF6" bold="true" box="[199,347,1729,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Food plants.</emphasis>
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Sevastopulo (unpublished) reared this species from an un-named species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CACC94BA2340FBF6" box="[1207,1366,1729,1754]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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in the Makadara Forest in the Shimba Hills, which he subsequently listed as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CDB6949D224EFBD2" box="[973,1112,1766,1790]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CDB6949D224EFBD2" box="[973,1112,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Aframomum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CAE8949E2377FBD2" author="Sevastopulo" box="[1171,1377,1765,1790]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CEEC957227C9FA0E" authority="Sevastopulo 1975" authorityName="Sevastopulo" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,479,1801,1826]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Zingiber" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CEEC957226EEFA0E" box="[151,248,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Zingiber</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CF7C957227C1FA0E" author="Sevastopulo" box="[263,471,1801,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, pp. 131 - 132. [34 - 37, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184 (34); 94 - 100, 177 - 195 (35); 45 - 50 (36); 147 - 172, 202 - 216 (37)]" type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo 1975</bibRefCitation>
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)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. This is almost certainly the source of repeated records of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CAFA957222F4FA0E" box="[1153,1250,1801,1826]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Zingiber" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CAFA957222F4FA0E" box="[1153,1250,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Zingiber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CA899572238EFA0E" author="Kielland" box="[1266,1432,1801,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CEEC9555273FFA6A" author="Larsen" box="[151,297,1838,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CF429556240EFA6A" author="Ackery" box="[313,536,1837,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
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||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CFEC955527DBFA6A" box="[407,461,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CCF795552501FA6A" box="[652,791,1838,1862]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CCF795552501FA6A" box="[652,791,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CD2D955625A0FA6A" box="[854,950,1837,1862]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Zingiber" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CD2D955625A0FA6A" box="[854,950,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Zingiber</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAAB139CDB195562288FA6A" author="Heath" box="[970,1182,1837,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="246" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CA6095552246FA6A" box="[1051,1104,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Vande weghe 2010). MJWC’s observations from the same locality are doubtless from the same population and food plant some 30 years later. The only food plant MJWC found there was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CCBC950D25ABFAA2" box="[711,957,1909,1934]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CCBC950D25ABFAA2" box="[711,957,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Aframomum orientale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has individual mauve flowers at the base of the stems, and grows along the tracks, and around the edge of clearings in the Makadara Forest near the summit of the Shimba Hills. Almost certainly it is the same species which Sevastopulo recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAAB139CA9D95C62351FAFA" box="[1254,1351,1981,2006]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Zingiber" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAAB139CA9D95C62351FAFA" box="[1254,1351,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Zingiber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CEEC92E32734FD9C" box="[151,290,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CEEC92E32734FD9C" box="[151,290,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. In captivity caterpillars accepted leaves of an ornamental
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CDAC92EC2240FD9C" box="[983,1110,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Hedychium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CDAC92EC2240FD9C" box="[983,1110,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Hedychium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. with white flowers at the end of the leaf-frond (probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CF8392C62488FDF8" box="[504,670,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Hedychium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coronarium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CF8392C62488FDF8" box="[504,670,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">H. coronarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, native to Asia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFABB138CEEC9627231BF9BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264666/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" targetBox="[151,1436,267,1091]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFABB138CEEC9627231BF9BC" blockId="11.[151,1436,1116,1168]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CEEC96272734F95E" bold="true" box="[151,290,1116,1138]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CFD39627242AF95E" box="[424,572,1116,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CFD39627242AF95E" box="[424,572,1116,1138]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Semalea arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at rest; reared from final instar caterpillar collected 18 Dec 1989, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CB6496272428F9BC" authority="Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills" authorityName="Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CB64962726E5F9BC" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Aframomum orientale</emphasis>
|
||
, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya; adult emerged and photographed 11 Jan 1990; MJWC 89/102.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFABB138CEEC95FE2571FA96" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264667/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" targetBox="[284,1302,1220,1900]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFABB138CEEC95FE2571FA96" blockId="11.[151,1436,1925,1978]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CEEC95FE2737FAB7" bold="true" box="[151,289,1925,1947]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Putative hatched ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CC4795FE24D8FAB7" box="[572,718,1925,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CC4795FE24D8FAB7" box="[572,718,1925,1947]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Semalea arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFABB138CD1895FE238EFAB7" authority="Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills" authorityName="Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills" box="[867,1432,1925,1947]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFABB138CD1895FE2252FAB7" box="[867,1092,1925,1947]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Aframomum orientale</emphasis>
|
||
, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya, 30 Mar 1989; hatched and photographed 4 Apr; MJWC 89/25I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFACB13FCEBC92E32716FC49" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
TCEC has reared this species from unspecified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCC9E92E32566FD9C" box="[741,880,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCC9E92E32566FD9C" box="[741,880,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp(p). in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFACB13FCDA492EC2251FD9C" box="[991,1095,151,176]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFACB13FCA2892EC22BEFD9C" box="[1107,1192,151,176]" name="Malawi" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFACB13FCA9992EC236FFD9C" box="[1250,1401,151,176]" name="Mozambique" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFACB13FCEEC92C72723FDF9" box="[151,309,188,213]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Cote d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFACB13FCF3E92C62414FDF8" author="Vuattoux" box="[325,514,188,212]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared this species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCD4F92C72266FDF9" box="[820,1136,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alboviolaceum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCD4F92C72266FDF9" box="[820,1136,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Aframomum alboviolaceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCAD292C7232CFDF9" box="[1193,1338,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCAD292C7232CFDF9" box="[1193,1338,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">A. latifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCBFF92C726FEFDD4" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cereum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCBFF92C726FEFDD4" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">A. cereum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCF60929B27B5FDD4" box="[283,419,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sceptrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCF60929B27B5FDD4" box="[283,419,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">A. sceptrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFACB13FCFC6929B244BFDD4" author="Larsen" box="[445,605,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeats these records and writes that ‘Condamin (mss) reports that Real bred it also from grasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCFB9937E2453FC30" box="[450,581,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCFB9937E2453FC30" box="[450,581,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCC2E937E24B0FC30" box="[597,678,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCC2E937E24B0FC30" box="[597,678,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCC9B937E2552FC30" box="[736,836,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCC9B937E2552FC30" box="[736,836,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
): I strongly doubt that a species could adapt to both grasses and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCF5A935C27DEFC6C" box="[289,456,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.’ We agree with Larsen, and recommend that these records from grasses should not be accepted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFACB13FCEBC93142523FF34" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCEBC9314270EFCA4" bold="true" box="[199,280,367,392]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Ovum.</emphasis>
|
||
MJWC believes that the ovum is as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFACB13FCD619314259EFCA4" box="[794,904,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1925,1947]" captionTargetBox="[284,1302,1220,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[284,1302,1220,1900]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 14. Putative hatched ovum of Semalea arela, collected on Aframomum orientale, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 30 Mar 1989; hatched and photographed 4 Apr; MJWC 89 / 25 I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264667/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
, although he was not able to rear this specimen. It was laid on the under surface of a
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFACB13FCC4293EF2499FC81" box="[569,655,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="215.0">215mm</quantity>
|
||
long leaf,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFACB13FCD7193EF2555FC80" box="[778,835,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="3.0">3mm</quantity>
|
||
from the edge, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFACB13FCA5293EF2267FC81" box="[1065,1137,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="75.0">75mm</quantity>
|
||
from the tip. The ovum is
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFACB13FCEEC93C326F0FCFC" box="[151,230,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, quite flattened, trapezoid in cross section, due to a flat top and ten flat faces around the perimeter, separated by distinct ridges which are thickened towards the apex. The ovum hatched after 5 days and the neonate caterpillar appeared to be a typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCCD393842524FF34" box="[680,818,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFACB13FCEBC905F2799FFDC" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCEBC905F2771FF11" bold="true" box="[199,359,548,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
MJWC observed that the young caterpillar cuts two notches from the edge of the leaf, and folds the resultant flap under, whereas larger caterpillars may cut a single large notch and fold a triangular flap under, normally using the distal part of the leaf, or roll the leaf from the edge without making a cut. TCEC found this last form to be typical, but whether this represents individual or geographical variation, we don’t know; systematic observations should be made. The shelters often trap water for extended periods after rain, but the caterpillars seem to suffer no ill effects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFACB13FCEEC95292557FAC1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264668/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" targetBox="[158,1422,791,1853]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFACB13FCEEC95292557FAC1" blockId="12.[151,1436,1874,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCEEC95292709FA44" bold="true" box="[151,287,1874,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Caterpillars of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCFC095292444FA44" box="[443,594,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCFC095292458FA44" box="[443,590,1874,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">Semalea arela</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCC2C9529246BFA44" bold="true" box="[599,637,1874,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">1–3</emphasis>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCD7295292327FA44" authority="Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills" authorityName="Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills" box="[777,1329,1874,1896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCD72952925F1FA44" box="[777,999,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Aframomum orientale</emphasis>
|
||
, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCBF295292383FA44" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1874,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">1</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar, dorsolateral view, collected and photographed 30 Mar 1989; moulted to final instar 2 Apr; 24mm; MJWC 89/25;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCEA595EF26FDFA86" bold="true" box="[222,235,1940,1962]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">2</emphasis>
|
||
, collected 30 Mar 1989; moulted to final instar and photographed 2 Apr 1989; 22mm; MJWC 89/25B;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCB7495EF230AFA86" bold="true" box="[1295,1308,1940,1962]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">3</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, collected 13 Dec 1989; photographed 20 Dec; pupated 26 Dec; 37mm; MJWC 89/102.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCA3395CD2242FAE0" bold="true" box="[1096,1108,1974,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">4</emphasis>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFACB13FCA8A95CD2378FAE0" box="[1265,1390,1974,1996]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFACB13FCA8A95CD2378FAE0" box="[1265,1390,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Hillwood, north-west Zambia; photographed 26 Apr 2000 [TCEC].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFADB13ECEBC92EC270CFCFC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFADB13ECEBC92EC2747FD9C" bold="true" box="[199,337,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The newly hatched caterpillar (from the ovum in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFADB13ECDED92EC2210FD9C" box="[918,1030,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1925,1947]" captionTargetBox="[284,1302,1220,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[284,1302,1220,1900]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 14. Putative hatched ovum of Semalea arela, collected on Aframomum orientale, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 30 Mar 1989; hatched and photographed 4 Apr; MJWC 89 / 25 I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264667/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) was pale with a black head, 0.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFADB13ECEEC92C726F0FDF9" box="[151,230,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFADB13ECFF592C727BBFDF8" box="[398,429,188,212]" name="American Samoa" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
the caterpillar grows, subsequent instars until the penultimate instar (Figure 15.1) are translucent green, the head dark, instar
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B0F92FFADB13ECC24929B24A7FDD4" box="[607,689,224,248]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" precision="92" value="3.0133333">n-3 0.8</geoCoordinate>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFADB13ECCA9929B2537FDD4" box="[722,801,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=1), instar
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B0F92FFADB13ECDB9929B2234FDD4" box="[962,1058,223,248]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" precision="9" value="2.0208333">n-2 1.25</geoCoordinate>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFADB13ECA3892A42284FDD4" box="[1091,1170,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=1), instar
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B0F92FFADB13ECB49929B2393FDD4" box="[1330,1413,224,248]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" precision="92" value="1.03">n-1 1.8</geoCoordinate>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFADB13ECEEC937F26F3FC30" box="[151,229,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=5) wide x high. In the final instar (Figure 15.2–4), the head is a narrow oval, 2.55 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFADB13ECAB9937F2307FC30" box="[1218,1297,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=5), indent at vertex, dark brown-black, shiny rugose; T1 concolorous with body; body translucent green, appearing yellow-green due to yellow dots over A1–A10; subcutaneous trachea and malpighian tubules visible through cuticle; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; all legs concolorous; anal plate semi-circular with a raised rim. The caterpillars from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFADB13ECF1693EE27A0FC81" box="[365,438,405,429]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Figure 15.1–3) and north-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFADB13ECD0193EF25D9FC81" box="[890,975,404,429]" name="Zambia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Figure 15.4) showed no significant differences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFADB13ECEBC93A725C5FE71" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFADB13ECEBC93A7271AFCD9" bold="true" box="[199,268,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
MJWC did not find the pupa in the field, but in captivity it was formed in the final leaf shelter. We have not explicitly documented whether there is a silk girdle, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFADB13ECD13907B25CAFF34" box="[872,988,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFADB13ECD13907B25CAFF34" box="[872,988,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. pulvina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(below) makes one, so there
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFADB13ECB3A907B238AFF34" box="[1345,1436,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFADB13ECB3A907B238AFF34" box="[1345,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably does too. We found no significant difference between the pupae from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFADB13ECA6B905E224FFF11" box="[1040,1113,549,573]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Figure 16.3–6) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFADB13ECB3C905F238AFF11" box="[1351,1436,548,573]" name="Zambia" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Figure 16.1–2). A female pupa from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFADB13ECC4090332491FF4C" box="[571,647,584,608]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, MJWC 89/25A (Figure 16.3–6) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFADB13ECA17903322A5FF4C" box="[1132,1203,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="mm" value="22.0">22mm</quantity>
|
||
long; generally light brown with darker speckles; short flat-ended frontal projection; head very rugose; T1 spiracle surrounded, except anteriorly by a raised, smooth, brown lip, bordered exteriorly by a row of beading; other spiracles brown; proboscis sheath reaches tip of abdomen; dorsally on abdomen a pair of transverse lines, one each side of dorsum in mid segment; transverse row of indistinct spots posterior to these; large dark spots on A2 and A3 against wings; dorsolateral spot on A4–A6; final abdominal segment has a pale, raised, rugose dorsolateral ridge surrounding a smooth dorsal area. No white waxy powder. All six pupae that MJWC reared from three different collections took exactly 16 days to complete pupal development under Nairobi conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |