149 lines
16 KiB
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149 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="6C30E3E0000F4E289C3E0970FBAEA60B" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FF85B116CEEC907B234DFEC7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Zingiberales" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="238" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="238" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C8E9AA246605EBC1EBE6933B7E4798B8">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4506019C90EBDC53862DA7B0E3285E15">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9A75460D2761857472044B444C072A22">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="CA730DE89C4B2E9DCF3D6B2F22F56FAB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0CAB9077A27AEE249E66FFFD509F1A84">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5AFD25E5D0E534E359B50C7566823E60">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="23F547780426DEE531F0E49F4600E793">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E3B2991FF26527267B0BFCF6F4702940">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="51445834F95A528FF3564813FE02D89B">
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<mods:date id="7B3B07908CD5287C05CF88C78E55FA01">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9DB87AE263D301E835CD07903CA8AB4B">4066</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FF85B116CEEC907B234DFEC7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614546" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614546" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FF85B116CEEC907B234DFEC7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FF85B116CEEC907B234DFEC7" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF85B116CEEC907B234DFEC7" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF85B116CEEC907B2430FF36" blockId="37.[151,550,512,538]" box="[151,550,512,538]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FF85B116CEEC907B2430FF36" bold="true" box="[151,550,512,538]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CEEC907B2430FF36" bold="true" box="[151,550,512,538]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
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Discussion,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CF52907B27D3FF36" box="[297,453,512,538]" class="Liliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Zingiberales</taxonomicName>
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feeders
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF85B116CEEC903D234DFEC7" blockId="37.[151,1437,582,1003]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">
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Several Zingiberaceae- and Costaceae-feeders show a distinctive feature of the pupa, i.e. the C-shaped rim to the T1 spiracle. This has been found in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CCD890112514FFAF" box="[675,770,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CCD890112514FFAF" box="[675,770,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Semalea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CD6B9011258AFFAF" box="[784,924,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CD6B9011258AFFAF" box="[784,924,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CDD09011223FFFAF" box="[939,1065,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hypoleucis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CDD09011223FFFAF" box="[939,1065,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Hypoleucis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CA1B901122DEFFAF" box="[1120,1224,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CA1B901122DEFFAF" box="[1120,1224,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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reported here, and can also be seen in the palm-feeding
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CC3E90F525F7FF8B" authority="Cock et al. 2014" authorityName="Cock et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[581,993,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CC3E90F52514FF8B" box="[581,770,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Caenides dacela</emphasis>
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(Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CD2390F4259AFF8B" box="[856,908,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014)
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</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CA7590F5227BFF8B" box="[1038,1133,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CA7590F5227BFF8B" box="[1038,1133,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Semalea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CAD490F52301FF8B" box="[1199,1303,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CAD490F52301FF8B" box="[1199,1303,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, this rim is similar in colour to the rest of the pupa, but in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CCE590C9253CFFE7" box="[670,810,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CCE590C9253CFFE7" box="[670,810,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CD1B90C925C8FFE7" box="[864,990,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hypoleucis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CD1B90C925C8FFE7" box="[864,990,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Hypoleucis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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it is differentiated by colour, so that the rim could be seen as forming a counterfeit eye (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CCD290AC256EFFC3" author="Janzen" box="[681,888,726,751]" pageId="37" pageNumber="246" refString="Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W. & Burns, J. M. (2010) A tropical horde of counterfeit predator eyes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 11659 - 11665. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0912122107" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Janzen
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CC8690AC253BFFC3" box="[765,813,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">et al</emphasis>
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. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Apart from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CA7690AD229DFFC3" box="[1037,1163,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hypoleucis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CA7690AD229DFFC3" box="[1037,1163,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Hypoleucis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the caterpillars of these genera also have slightly narrower heads than is the case with other genera. Of this group of genera, we have only documented the ova of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CFD09165241CFE1B" box="[427,522,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CFD09165241CFE1B" box="[427,522,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Semalea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<figureCitation id="131475D0FF85B116CC2F916524C6FE1B" box="[596,720,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1925,1947]" captionTargetBox="[284,1302,1220,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[284,1302,1220,1900]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 14. Putative hatched ovum of Semalea arela, collected on Aframomum orientale, Makadara Forest, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 30 Mar 1989; hatched and photographed 4 Apr; MJWC 89 / 25 I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264667/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Figures 14</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="131475D0FF85B116CD769164253DFE1B" box="[781,811,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1449,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,1449,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 19. Ovum of Semalea pulvina, collected on Aframomum sp., Rondo Plateau, south-east Tanzania, 3 Apr 1998 [TCEC]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264672/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">19</figureCitation>
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), so although these are markedly different from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CEEC9139270BFE77" box="[151,285,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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genera for which we have documented the eggs, we cannot generalise to the other genera that feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CEEC911D2720FE53" box="[151,310,870,895]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CF0F911C27FFFE53" box="[372,489,871,895]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
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. However, we suggest this pupal character may be indicative of a natural genera group within the Afrotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CC7D91F1249AFE8F" box="[518,652,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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incertae sedis. They are unlikely to be closely related to Asian Zingiberaceae- and Costaceae-feeders such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CCCB91D42538FEEA" box="[688,814,943,966]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Notocrypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CCCB91D42538FEEA" box="[688,814,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Notocrypta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CD0C91D525C1FEEB" box="[887,983,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Udaspes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CD0C91D525C1FEEB" box="[887,983,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Udaspes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CA3791D522C1FEEB" box="[1100,1239,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ancistroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CA3791D522C1FEEB" box="[1100,1239,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Ancistroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. which have similar caterpillars, but have pupae of what we have referred to as the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CDD191A925E8FEC7" box="[938,1022,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="5494D7F7FF85B116CA7E91A82223FEC7" box="[1029,1077,979,1003]" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">type</typeStatus>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CA3F91A92359FEC7" author="Cock" box="[1092,1359,978,1003]" pageId="37" pageNumber="245" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2012) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini. Zootaxa, 3438, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="2012">Cock & Congdon 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |