243 lines
33 KiB
XML
243 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="EC20EBAF2633D8CA3F2081CFE56114AB" ID-CLB-Dataset="8571" ID-DOI="10.5252/anthropozoologica2021v56a2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="90a54948-29c5-470f-8067-8de0c240f480" ID-ISSN="2107-08817" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486342" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1612183185645" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Mylona, Dimitra" docDate="2021" docId="038687A95A632D50E50FFCB4FE26FDAA" docLanguage="en" docName="Anthropozoologica.56.2.23-37.pdf" docOrigin="Anthropozoologica 56 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:557E575C35EA1B022CAFF88A75E8B24D.4:Anthropozoologica.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="557E575C35EA1B022CAFF88A75E8B24D" docStyleName="Anthropozoologica.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Thunnus thynnus " docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FFBFFFD15A662D57E622FFE1FFD6FFBB" masterDocTitle="Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1698925847000" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="365B2F7B0B190CD808D69458DCB237BB">
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<mods:title id="778E37749D0F79F09F68B41B8803A5D2">Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5674BCDC2F2AE408672D901E28D59E63">Mylona, Dimitra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0D23B316EC150E1C79644D06DB5EB40F">Institute of Aegean Prehistory – Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP-SCEC) Pacheia Ammos, G- 72200 lerapetra, Crete (Greece)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B8B5F3A5F87181D51F9D282F982D7C46" type="email">dmylona@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="182AD9D40714B9661BA650988E3A5AC7">Anthropozoologica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D45E95CB4F3E6702242C00A192FCD7E0">
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<mods:date id="8DE7EEF022356158B5779CA5F3193660">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CC458C3347365FF01B11EF6AA5033D36">2021-01-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="783DA8EAA1D8932377C13340A54B8E72">56</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038687A95A632D50E50FFCB4FE26FDAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558246" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177200467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4558246" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038687A95A632D50E50FFCB4FE26FDAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687A95A632D50E50FFCB4FE26FDAA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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<subSubSection id="C33565345A632D52E50FFCB4FB69FCD4" box="[813,1215,853,879]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A632D52E50FFCB4FB69FCD4" blockId="5.[811,1457,853,1931]" box="[813,1215,853,879]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D3C5A632D52E50FFCB4FB7CFCD4" ID-CoL="56P7Q" authority="(Linnaeus, 1785)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1785" box="[813,1194,853,879]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Thunnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thynnus">
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Thunnus thynnus
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E5D6FCB4FB7CFCD4" box="[1012,1194,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">(Linnaeus, 1785)</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33565345A632D52E2E4FCB4FC60FC35" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A632D52E2E4FCB4FC60FC35" blockId="5.[811,1457,853,1931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E2E4FCB4FC60FC35" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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Bluefin tuna,
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E374FCB4FC60FC35" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">ϗόϗϗινος τόνος/όρϗυνος</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33565345A632D51E50FFC74FC39F916" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A632D52E50FFC74FB33FA95" blockId="5.[811,1457,853,1931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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It is the emblematic tuna, the largest fish in the Mediterranean. Bluefin tuna is a cosmopolitan, highly migratory, a schooling fish, able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E554FC15FBA8FBB4" author="ARRIZAVALAGA H. & DUFOUR F. & KELL L. & MERINO G. & IBAIBARRIAGA L. & CHUST G. & IRIOGOIEN X. & SANTIAGO J. & MURUA H. & FRAILE I. & CHIFFET M. & GOIKOETXEA N. & SAGARMINAGA Y. & AUMONT O. & BOPP L. & HERRERA M. & FROMENTIN J. - M. & BONHOMEAU S." box="[886,1150,1012,1039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="102 - 112" refId="ref11079" refString="ARRIZAVALAGA H., DUFOUR F., KELL L., MERINO G., IBAIBARRIAGA L., CHUST G., IRIOGOIEN X., SANTIAGO J., MURUA H., FRAILE I., CHIFFET M., GOIKOETXEA N., SAGARMINAGA Y., AUMONT O., BOPP L., HERRERA M., FROMENTIN J. - M. & BONHOMEAU S. 2015. - Global habitat preferences of commercially valuable tuna. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 113: 102 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2014.07.001" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Arrizavalaga
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E227FC14FBEAFBB5" box="[1029,1084,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Its presence, feeding and reproduction is strongly influenced by these environmental conditions, such as the temperature and salinity of the water, and for this reason its migration trajectories fluctuate from year to year (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E599FB94FB56FB35" author="DRUON J. N. & FROMENTIN J. - M. & AULANIER F. & HEIKKONEN J." box="[955,1152,1140,1167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="223 - 240" refId="ref12695" refString="DRUON J. N., FROMENTIN J. - M., AULANIER F. & HEIKKONEN J. 2011. - Potential feeding and spawning habitats of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 439: 223 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 09321" type="book chapter" year="2011">
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Druon
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E22EFB94FB97FB35" box="[1036,1089,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E2ADFB95FAABFB35" author="FROMENTIN J. - M. & REYGONDEAU G. & BONHOMMEAU S. & GRAND G." box="[1167,1405,1140,1166]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="147 - 156" refId="ref12987" refString="FROMENTIN J. - M., REYGONDEAU G., BONHOMMEAU S. & BEAU- GRAND G. 2014. - Oceanographic changes and exploitation drive the spatio-temporal dynamics of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). Fisheries Oceanography 23: 147 - 156." type="journal article" year="2014">
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Fromentin
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E32BFB94FAE8FB35" box="[1289,1342,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Its current absence from the Black Sea, which on literary and historical evidence appears as a rich fishing ground and also possibly a reproduction area in the past, is the result of such changing conditions (including industrial pollution) since the 1970s (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E585FAF2FB03FA95" author="MACKENZIE B. R. & MARIANI P." box="[935,1237,1299,1326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="39998" refId="ref14441" refString="MACKENZIE B. R. & MARIANI P. 2012. - Spawning of bluefin tuna in the Black Sea: historical evidence, environmental constraints and population plasticity. PloS ONE 7 (7): e 39998. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0039998" type="journal article" year="2012">Mackenzie & Mariani 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A632D52E561FAD2FBDAF8B7" blockId="5.[811,1457,853,1931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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The maximum reported length of bluefin tuna exceeds
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||
<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A632D52E3A7FAD2FA79FAF5" box="[1413,1455,1331,1358]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
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and its maximum reported weight is
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<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A632D52E296FAB2FAD6FAD6" box="[1204,1280,1363,1389]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.26" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" unit="kg" value="726.0">726 kg</quantity>
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, (although there exist unverified reports by fishermen for individuals of
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||
<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A632D52E343FA92FA7AFA36" box="[1377,1452,1395,1421]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" unit="kg" value="900.0">900 kg</quantity>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E509FA72FC27FA15" author="MATHER F. J. & MASON J. M. JR. & JONES A." box="[811,1009,1427,1454]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refId="ref14627" refString="MATHER F. J., MASON J. M. JR. & JONES A. 1995. - Historical Document: Life History and Fisheries of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, 170 p." type="book" year="1995">
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||
Mather
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||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E5A0FA75FC62FA16" box="[898,948,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1995
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean reach maturity when approximately four years old (at
|
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<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A632D52E33DFA52FA77FA76" box="[1311,1441,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" unit="cm" value="115.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="110.0">110-120 cm</quantity>
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||
<superScript id="7C5A9BF75A632D52E383FA51FA7EFA05" attach="left" box="[1441,1448,1456,1470]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">2</superScript>
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||
, 25-
|
||
<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A632D52E572FA32FC46FA56" box="[848,912,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" unit="kg" value="30.0">30 kg</quantity>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E5BEFA32FB9DFA56" author="FROMENTIN J. - M." box="[924,1099,1491,1517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refId="ref12962" refString="FROMENTIN J. - M. 2006. - Description of Atlantic bluefin tuna. ICCAT Manual (2.1.5): 93 - 111." type="book" year="2006">Fromentin 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and that is the age/size at which we expect them to perform their first reproduction migration. Tuna exhibit a rapid growth in the first years, but they keep growing all through their life, which may reach 30 years. There is a standard correlation between their age and length/weight (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A632D52E517F993FC3CF937" author="ARENA P. & CEFALI A. & MUNAO F." box="[821,1002,1650,1676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="119 - 134" refId="ref11020" refString="ARENA P., CEFALI A. & MUNAO F. 1980. - Analisi sull'eta, peso, lunghezza ed accrescimento di Thunnus thynnus (L.) catturati nei mari della Sicilia. Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia X (5): 119 - 134." type="journal article" year="1980">
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Arena
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<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A632D52E559F992FC7BF937" box="[891,941,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1980
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). A bluefin tuna has a high metabolic rate, which allows it to maintain its body temperature in a wide range of environments and also to achieve very high swimming speeds. As a result, its blood is copious and bright red, being rich in oxygen.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A632D51E561F8F3FE1DFA15" blockId="5.[811,1457,853,1931]" lastBlockId="6.[130,777,917,2028]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
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||
Spawning of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean, especially in the eastern basin, has been a much-debated issue. It is generally agreed that it takes place in the warm waters (> 24°C) of specific and restricted locations: around the Balearic Islands, Sicily,
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<collectingCountry id="F338762F5A602D51E6F2FC74FEC3FC14" box="[208,277,917,943]" name="Malta" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Malta</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F338762F5A602D51E701FC74FEA2FC14" box="[291,372,917,943]" name="Cyprus" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E7AAFC74FD92FC14" author="FROMENTIN J. - M." box="[392,580,917,943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="ref12962" refString="FROMENTIN J. - M. 2006. - Description of Atlantic bluefin tuna. ICCAT Manual (2.1.5): 93 - 111." type="book" year="2006">Fromentin 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
), all well-known tuna-fishing areas in antiquity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E7F6FC54FD14FC74" author="CURTIS R. I." box="[468,706,949,975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="ref12296" refString="CURTIS R. I. 1991. - Garum and Salsamenta: Production and Commerce in Materia Medica. Brill Academic Publishers (coll. Studies in ancient medicine; 3), Leiden, xv + 226 p." type="book" year="1991">Curtis 1991: 116-118</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 129), as well as the Black Sea in the past (Piccinetti & PiccinettiMarfin 1993). It usually occurs in May-June (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E44FFC15FF6AFB95" author="HEINISCH G. & CORRIERO A. & MEDINA A. & ABASCAL F. J. & DE LA SERNA J. M. & AGIUS R. & RIOS A. & GARCIA A. & DE LA GANDARA F. & FAUVEL C. & BRIDGES C. & MYLONAS C. & LAK S. & ORAY I. & DE METRIO G. & ROSENFELD H. & GORDIN H." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="623 - 630" refId="ref13518" refString="HEINISCH G., CORRIERO A., MEDINA A., ABASCAL F. J., DE LA SERNA J. M., VASSALLO- AGIUS R., RIOS A., GARCIA A., DE LA GANDARA F., FAUVEL C., BRIDGES C., MYLONAS C., KARAKU- LAK S., ORAY I., DE METRIO G., ROSENFELD H. & GORDIN H. 2008. - Spatio-temporal pattern of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) gonad maturation across the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 154: 623 - 630. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 008 - 0955 - 6" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Heinisch
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E4F7FC14FCD1FBB5" box="[725,775,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E6E8FBF5FDCAFB95" author="DAMALAS D. & MEGALOFONOU P." box="[202,540,1044,1070]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="2701 - 2723" refId="ref12336" refString="DAMALAS D. & MEGALOFONOU P. 2012. - Occurrences of large sharks in the open waters of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Natural History 46: 2701 - 2723. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 00222933.2012.716864" type="journal article" year="2012">Damalas & Megalofonou 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The exact spawning grounds, i.e., the locations towards which the reproduction migrations head, are still not well known. Bluefin tuna form dense schools on the reproductive leg of their migration and less dense ones after spawning and on their return trip to their feeding grounds. Young individuals feed mostly on zooplankton and older ones prey on schools of small pelagic fish and on cephalopods, such as squid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E41AFB15FD21FAB5" author="SARA G. & SARA R." box="[568,759,1268,1294]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref15955" refString="SARA G. & SARA R. 2007. - Feeding habits and trophic levels of bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus of different size classes in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23 (2): 122 - 127." type="journal article" year="2007">Sarà & Sarà 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Both juveniles and adults move through the water column; the older bluefin tuna can reach as deep as
|
||
<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A602D51E45BFAD2FCD0FAF5" box="[633,774,1331,1358]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="750.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="500.0">500-1000 m</quantity>
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||
(e.g.,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E6E3FAB2FEBFFAD6" author="BRILL R. W. & LUTCAVAGE M. E. & METZGER G. & BUSHNELL P. G. & ATENDT M. & LUCY J. & WATSON C. & FOLEY D." box="[193,361,1363,1389]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="155 - 167" refId="ref11875" refString="BRILL R. W., LUTCAVAGE M. E., METZGER G., BUSHNELL P. G., ATENDT M., LUCY J., WATSON C. & FOLEY D. 2002. - Horizontal and vertical movements of juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in relation to oceanographic conditions of the western North Atlantic, determined with ultrasonic telemetry. Fishery Bulletin 100: 155 - 167." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Brill
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||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E6D5FAB5FEFDFAD6" box="[247,299,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is agreed that bluefin tuna tend to aggregate and feed along ocean fronts, where food availability is highest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E6DBFA75FE6DFA16" author="DRUON J. N. & FROMENTIN J. - M. & AULANIER F. & HEIKKONEN J." box="[249,443,1427,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="223 - 240" refId="ref12695" refString="DRUON J. N., FROMENTIN J. - M., AULANIER F. & HEIKKONEN J. 2011. - Potential feeding and spawning habitats of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 439: 223 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 09321" type="book chapter" year="2011">
|
||
Druon
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E76BFA75FEABFA16" box="[329,381,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E8342AB15A632D52E50EF85CFB8DF851" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A632D52E50EF85CFB8DF851" blockId="5.[812,1454,1981,2026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">2. Length figures refer to “fork length”, from the tip of the nose to the point where the tail divides into two parts.</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="DF5066375A602D51E6A6FCC8FEEBFCE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4486346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4486346/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" startId="6.[132,143,809,827]" targetBox="[317,1432,95,767]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A602D51E6A6FCC8FEEBFCE9" blockId="6.[132,1455,809,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
FIG. 2. —
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E6F5FCC8FEC8FC80" box="[215,286,809,827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Thynnus</emphasis>
|
||
sp. bones from Late Classical strata (400-300 BC) at Kalaureia, Poros island. Scale bar: 4 cm. Credits: D. Mylona, Kalaureia excavations photographic archive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A602D51E6B9FA52FADAFB94" blockId="6.[130,777,917,2028]" lastBlockId="6.[811,1457,917,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The frequency, timing and movements of bluefin tuna in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E693FA32FED7FA56" box="[177,257,1491,1517]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
are reported from several sources, of different dates. Often there is no correspondence between their findings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E69CF9F3FEEAF996" author="NINNI F." box="[190,316,1554,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref15160" refString="NINNI F. 1922. - La migrazione del tonno nei mari de Levante. Bollettino del Comitato Talassografico Italiano 74: 109 - 116." type="journal article" year="1922">Ninni 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E76AF9F3FDE6F996" author="ATHANASOPOULOS M." box="[328,560,1554,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="501 - 502" refId="ref11193" refString="ATHANASOPOULOS M. 1923. - Sur les Thonides en Grece. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 117: 501 - 502." type="journal article" year="1923">Athanasopoulos 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E41EF9F2FDA2F996" author="ATHANASOPOULOS M." box="[572,628,1555,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref11217" refString="ATHANASOPOULOS M. 1924. - Note complementaire sur les Tho- nides en Grece. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique 440: 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1924">1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E4A2F9F3FD6EF997" author="ATHANASOPOULOS M." box="[640,696,1554,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref11264" refString="ATHANASOPOULOS M. 1926. - Notes sur la faune en Grece. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique 480: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E4E7F9F3FF6BF9F7" author="BELLOC G." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="345 - 371" refId="ref11343" refString="BELLOC G. 1961. - Inventaire des madragues mediterraneennes. FAO (coll. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean; 6), Rome: 345 - 371." type="book chapter" year="1961">Belloc 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E6ECF9D3FE11F9F6" author="LEFKADITOU E. & MEGALOFONOU P. & TSIMENIDES N. & RIO G." box="[206,455,1586,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="153 - 163" refId="ref14240" refString="LEFKADITOU E., MEGALOFONOU P., TSIMENIDES N. & DE MET- RIO G. 1988. - Fisheries for large scombrids in Greek waters: catches of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.). FAO Fisheries Report 412: 153 - 163." type="book chapter" year="1988">
|
||
Lefkaditou
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E76DF9D2FE53F9F7" box="[335,389,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Modern data (post-1980s) on bluefin tuna populations in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E422F9B2FD98F9D6" box="[512,590,1619,1645]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
are relatively few compared to other Mediterranean areas. According to the most recent of these reports, bluefin tuna in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E4A6F973FD04F917" box="[644,722,1682,1708]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
tend to appear in larger numbers at certain areas on their migrating route(s) (e.g., the Chalkidiki peninsula, northern gulf of Euboea, Sporades), but there is a diffused presence of tuna in other zones, such as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338762F5A602D51E77FF8F3FE08F897" box="[349,478,1810,1836]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Dodecanese</collectingCountry>
|
||
or Lesvos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E47AF8F3FF6AF8F7" author="LEFKADITOU E. & MEGALOFONOU P. & TSIMENIDES N. & RIO G." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="153 - 163" refId="ref14240" refString="LEFKADITOU E., MEGALOFONOU P., TSIMENIDES N. & DE MET- RIO G. 1988. - Fisheries for large scombrids in Greek waters: catches of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.). FAO Fisheries Report 412: 153 - 163." type="book chapter" year="1988">
|
||
Lefkaditou
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E4F6F8F3FCD1F897" box="[724,775,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E763F8D0FE05F8F7" author="NINNI F." box="[321,467,1841,1868]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref15160" refString="NINNI F. 1922. - La migrazione del tonno nei mari de Levante. Bollettino del Comitato Talassografico Italiano 74: 109 - 116." type="journal article" year="1922">Ninni (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that tuna migrated north towards the Black Sea in two groups. The largest of them skirted the coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338762F5A602D51E7B3F890FDD1F830" box="[401,519,1905,1931]" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the adjacent islands, including the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338762F5A602D51E703F870FE7EF810" box="[289,424,1937,1963]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Dodecanese</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the smaller group crossed the channel between Euboea and the mainland to enter the Pagasetic Gulf. The bluefin tuna schools were denser just off the Bosporus straits and along the Marmara Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E367FC74FCB3FC74" author="DI NATALE A." pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1098 - 1124" refId="ref12516" refString="DI NATALE A. 2015. - Review of the historical and biological evidences about a population of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) in the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers ICCAT 71 (3): 1098 - 1124." type="journal article" year="2015">Di Natale 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein). The exact timing of the fishing for bluefin tuna in various locations in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E33DFC34FABBFC54" box="[1311,1389,981,1007]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
varies considerably, but it roughly occurs in spring (spawning migration) and in autumn (feeding migration).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A602D51E561FBD4FC39F916" blockId="6.[811,1457,917,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Most of the available reports are based on data provided by modern fishing vessels, which use fishing gear that is either very large (e.g., large nets several hundred meters long, and long lines several kilometers long) or recently introduced in the area (e.g., Japanese pole and line fishing for bluefin tuna in the Kavala Gulf after the 1980s,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E28DFB35FA49FB55" author="LEFKADITOU E. & MEGALOFONOU P. & TSIMENIDES N. & RIO G." box="[1199,1439,1236,1262]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="153 - 163" refId="ref14240" refString="LEFKADITOU E., MEGALOFONOU P., TSIMENIDES N. & DE MET- RIO G. 1988. - Fisheries for large scombrids in Greek waters: catches of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.). FAO Fisheries Report 412: 153 - 163." type="book chapter" year="1988">
|
||
Lefkaditou
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E30EFB35FAB6FB55" box="[1324,1376,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These vessels have access both to spawning and to feeding bluefin tuna. Although relevant data map the timing and geographic distribution of bluefin tuna in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E331FAD5FAB2FAF5" box="[1299,1380,1332,1358]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
, not all of them can be used as a predictive tool in research on tuna fishing in antiquity, where the available technology posed certain restrictions as to which fishing grounds and resources could be accessed. Certain observations, however, are useful. Medium-sized bluefin tuna (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A602D51E24EFA32FB33FA55" box="[1132,1253,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="kg" value="65.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="30.0">30-100 kg</quantity>
|
||
), for instance, are found off many of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E20DFA12FBA8F9B6" box="[1071,1150,1523,1549]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
coasts throughout the year, while large tuna (over
|
||
<quantity id="4CD79B5A5A602D51E23EF9F3FBBFF996" box="[1052,1129,1554,1581]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" unit="kg" value="150.0">150 kg</quantity>
|
||
) are abundant only from April to September (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E5E5F9D3FB65F9F7" author="MATHER F. J. & MASON J. M. JR. & JONES A." box="[967,1203,1586,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="ref14627" refString="MATHER F. J., MASON J. M. JR. & JONES A. 1995. - Historical Document: Life History and Fisheries of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, 170 p." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Mather
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E23EF9D2FB9BF9F7" box="[1052,1101,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995: 66
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 67). It seems likely that the first category represent fish that feed in the area, while the second category are fish on the reproductive run, visiting the area to spawn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33565345A602D50E561F953FE26FDAA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036BF5A602D50E561F953FE26FDAA" blockId="6.[811,1457,917,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[131,777,215,529]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Besides the time of the year and the inshore or offshore location of fishing operations, the lunar phase appears to be another important factor in tuna fishing. It has been observed that the probability of catching bluefin tuna exhibits a periodicity that coincides with the lunar circle and is linked to their predatory behavior. Fishermen in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBF85D5A602D51E342F8B3FA78F8D7" box="[1376,1454,1874,1900]" country="Greece" name="Voreio Aigaio" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Aegean</collectingRegion>
|
||
refer to certain rich catches as the “full moon of May tuna” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A602D51E514F870FB59F810" author="DAMALAS D. & MEGALOFONOU P." box="[822,1167,1937,1963]" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="2701 - 2723" refId="ref12336" refString="DAMALAS D. & MEGALOFONOU P. 2012. - Occurrences of large sharks in the open waters of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Natural History 46: 2701 - 2723. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 00222933.2012.716864" type="journal article" year="2012">Damalas & Megalofonou 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, Greek and Turkish fishermen at the beginning of 20th century, echoing Aristotle (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAAD5A602D51E5E0F830FC3EF850" box="[962,1000,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">HA</emphasis>
|
||
598b), reported that bluefin tuna migrate keeping their right eye towards the coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A612D50E477FF36FD01FF4A" author="NINNI E." box="[597,727,215,241]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refId="ref15186" refString="NINNI E. 1923. - Primo contributo allo studio dei pesci e della pesca nelle acque dell'Impero Ottomano. Premiate officine grafiche Carlo Ferrari (coll. Missione Italiana per l'Esplorazione dei Mari di Levante; 5), Venezia, 187 p." type="book" year="1923">Ninni 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so that their schools move anti-clockwise along the coasts. This observation is crucial to the prediction of their occurrence in different locations, and also to the construction of tuna fishing gear (see “Implications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D3C5A612D50E7CCFEB6FE49FE2A" authority="physiology to their fisheries in antiquity" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Scombridae physiology to their fisheries in antiquity</taxonomicName>
|
||
”). Also relevant to the nature of tuna fisheries in the area (in terms of location and fishing gear) is the observation that, if a tuna school is encountered in the shallow coastal areas, it is more likely to be a large one (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B4E5A612D50E6AFFE17FE09FDAB" author="DAMALAS D. & MEGALOFONOU P." box="[141,479,502,528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="2701 - 2723" refId="ref12336" refString="DAMALAS D. & MEGALOFONOU P. 2012. - Occurrences of large sharks in the open waters of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Natural History 46: 2701 - 2723. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 00222933.2012.716864" type="journal article" year="2012">Damalas & Megalofonou 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |