261 lines
29 KiB
XML
261 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="57838EB4750639555E1BC62D529BE442" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282867" ID-GBIF-Dataset="75d71662-193f-4d56-a7fd-1f018e556f49" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282867" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460554709240" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wanat, Marek & Munzinger, Jérôme" docDate="2012" docId="038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03554p074.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3554" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pterapion Faust 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="FFBFFFFB9C507403FFCFFFD93026FFC9" masterDocTitle="Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698318961448" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4EDBAB767734F165F4891F7ED20056BD">Biology of the Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in New Caledonia, a preliminary report</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B00D88551000EF68FCF816B6362D8D6F">Wanat, Marek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDD50505A300B9E41BAEE304A48C40EE">Munzinger, Jérôme</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="988AC762FCAE842D16FAED81D41DA312">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6D25746DE1E197D02EBE85C89EE44E90">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6304A15CE66AD8C4F8097A89038623CD">3554</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689321" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119555507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689321" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687839C557404FF58FACF3112FD7E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="C335651E9C557406FF58FACF34BDF8C8" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9036959C557406FF58FACF31DDFAF9" blockId="5.[151,507,1302,1328]" box="[151,507,1302,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="D0D881F99C557406FF58FACF31DDFAF9" bold="true" box="[151,507,1302,1328]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FF58FACF31DDFAF9" bold="true" box="[151,507,1302,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FF21FACF31DDFAF9" authority="Faust, 1889" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1889" box="[238,507,1302,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FF21FACF3143FAF9" bold="true" box="[238,357,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B649C557406FEA3FACF31DDFAF9" author="Faust" box="[364,507,1302,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" refString="Faust, J. (1889) Beitrag zur Kaferfauna zweier Inseln. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 50, 61 - 106." type="journal article" year="1889">Faust, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9036959C557406FF58FA84353BF95C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1373,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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This genus comprises four flightless species (one undescribed), all living in rain forest and oligophagous on a number of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FEF0FA5831E7FA50" box="[319,449,1409,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
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. The host plants all produce large seeds, likely where the larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FB0BFA5B3512FA50" box="[1220,1332,1410,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FB0BFA5B3512FA50" box="[1220,1332,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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develop, judging from the observations of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FDE8FA7F32F6FA74" box="[551,720,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monstrosum">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FDE8FA7F3213FA74" box="[551,565,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FD87FA7F32F6FA74" box="[584,720,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">monstrosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see below). Larval development (possibly also oviposition) apparently takes place in decaying fruits and seeds laying on the ground, not in the immature fruits on the plant. This would provide an explanation of the loss of functional wings and gigantism of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FBF2FA37348BF9CC" box="[1085,1197,1518,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FBF2FA37348BF9CC" box="[1085,1197,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is completely unusual for typical seed-eaters living in fruits still growing on the plant. Freshly emerged beetles can be observed in almost every month, further confirming that larval food is available for a whole year, not only in the fruiting season of particular host plants. Hypertrophic abdomens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FCFCF9833385F9B8" box="[819,931,1626,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FCFCF9833385F9B8" box="[819,931,1626,1649]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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might have also evolved as fat reservoirs for a long walks of the adult in search of the host plants which are often widely dispersed in the rain forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9036959C557406FF08F97834BDF8C8" blockId="5.[151,1436,1373,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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Although unable to fly,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FE13F97B326AF970" box="[476,588,1698,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FE13F97B326AF970" box="[476,588,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species are all fast walkers and climbers of their arborescent host plants. Unlike most other weevils which easily fall down from the plant when disturbed, it is hard to force any
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FAE3F91F35BAF914" box="[1324,1436,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FAE3F91F35BAF914" box="[1324,1436,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to come off the plant, even after touching the beetle with the frame of an entomological net.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C335651E9C557404FF08F8D43112FD7E" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9036959C557406FF08F8D43290F810" blockId="5.[151,1436,1373,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FF08F8D43259F8EF" bold="true" box="[199,639,1805,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FF08F8D4325CF8EF" authority="Faust, 1889" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="1889" box="[199,634,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monstrosum">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FF08F8D431F1F8EC" bold="true" box="[199,471,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pterapion monstrosum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B649C557406FE28F8D4325CF8EF" author="Faust" box="[487,634,1805,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" refString="Faust, J. (1889) Beitrag zur Kaferfauna zweier Inseln. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 50, 61 - 106." type="journal article" year="1889">Faust, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Two completely teneral specimens were obtained from seeds of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FF58F8E83180F880" ID-CoL="4QLTT" box="[151,422,1841,1865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canaliculata">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FF58F8E83180F880" box="[151,422,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pycnandra canaliculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[15]. They had a relatively well sclerotised and hard head, rostrum, thorax and legs, with the narrow abdomen and elytra still completely soft and crumpled. Such disharmonious hardening of body helps immature beetle to leave its pupal chamber, which otherwise could be problematic for a beetle having so enormously inflated elytra. Another specimen was found piercing a cotyledon of a sprouting seed of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C557406FAEEF8443105F810" ID-CoL="4QLTT" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canaliculata">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C557406FAEEF8443105F810" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pycnandra canaliculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with its rostrum [16] (
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<figureCitation id="13142A109C557406FDEFF818328EF810" box="[544,680,1985,2009]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1866,1889]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,217,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,201,1837]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Pupa of Megatracheloides bidentipes: 9) young in decayed flower bud of Hibbertia baudouinii, 10) the same soon before metamorphosis; 11) larva of M. cornutus in decaying flower bud of H. lucens; 12) larva of M. jourdani; 13, 14) Pterapion monstrosum piercing cotyledon of sprouting seed of Pycnandra canaliculata. (phot.: 9, 11 — MW, 10, 12 — S. Cazeres, 13, 14 — P. Lowry; sites: 11 — Koghi Mts, 12 — Nyamié creek, 9, 10, 13, 14 — Upper Rivière Bleue)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282869/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Figs. 13, 14</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF50661D9C567405FF58F89334FBF876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282869/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[151,1435,217,1835]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8B9036959C567405FF58F89334FBF876" blockId="6.[151,1437,1866,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FF58F8933161F8A9" bold="true" box="[151,327,1866,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">FIGURES 9–14.</emphasis>
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Pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FE6EF89232E0F8A8" box="[417,710,1867,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megatracheloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentipes">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FE6EF89232E0F8A8" box="[417,710,1867,1889]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Megatracheloides bidentipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: 9) young in decayed flower bud of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FBF7F8923528F8A8" ID-CoL="3LJ2T" box="[1080,1294,1867,1889]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dilleniaceae" genus="Hibbertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dilleniales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baudouinii">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FBF7F8923528F8A8" box="[1080,1294,1867,1889]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Hibbertia baudouinii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 10) the same soon before metamorphosis; 11) larva of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FD8EF8B2329BF849" box="[577,701,1899,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megatracheloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutus">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FD8EF8B23270F849" box="[577,598,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">M</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FDABF8B2329BF849" box="[612,701,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">cornutus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in decaying flower bud of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FC16F8B2341CF849" ID-CoL="3LJ85" box="[985,1082,1898,1920]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dilleniaceae" genus="Hibbertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dilleniales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lucens">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FC16F8B233CDF849" box="[985,1003,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">H</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FC36F8B3341CF849" box="[1017,1082,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">lucens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 12) larva of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FB05F8B23565F849" box="[1226,1347,1898,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megatracheloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jourdani">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FB05F8B234F9F849" box="[1226,1247,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">M</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FB22F8B33565F849" box="[1261,1347,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">jourdani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 13, 14)
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FF58F85031A5F857" box="[151,387,1929,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monstrosum">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FF58F85031A5F857" box="[151,387,1929,1950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Pterapion monstrosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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piercing cotyledon of sprouting seed of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C567405FC8DF851341DF857" ID-CoL="4QLTT" box="[834,1083,1928,1950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canaliculata">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C567405FC8DF851341DF857" box="[834,1083,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">Pycnandra canaliculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. (phot.: 9, 11—MW, 10, 12—S. Cazeres, 13, 14—P. Lowry; sites: 11—Koghi Mts, 12—Nyamié creek, 9, 10, 13, 14—Upper Rivière Bleue).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B9036959C577404FF08FF4E351CFF3C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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Adults were beaten from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FE29FF4132E5FF79" box="[486,707,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Beccariella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sebertii">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FE29FF4132E5FF79" box="[486,707,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Beccariella sebertii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FD35FF413482FF66" ID-CoL="4QLTT" box="[762,1188,151,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canaliculata">
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<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FD35FF41342FFF79" box="[762,1033,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pycnandra canaliculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Sapotaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but occasionally also from unrelated plants, e.g. repeatedly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FD69FF6235BFFF1B" authority="J.W. Dawson (J.W. Dawson)" authorityName="J.W. Dawson (J.W. Dawson" box="[678,1433,186,211]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Carpolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="laurifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FD69FF6233BDFF1A" box="[678,923,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Carpolepis laurifolia</emphasis>
|
||
J.W. Dawson (J.W. Dawson) (Myrtaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although flightless, surprisingly hundreds of beetles were sampled in a Malaise trap in Col d’Amieu [17].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036959C577404FF08FF263562FE0C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF08FF263260FED1" bold="true" box="[199,582,255,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FF08FF263267FED1" authority="Heller, 1916" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1916" box="[199,577,255,280]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kanalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF08FF263186FED1" bold="true" box="[199,416,255,280]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pterapion kanalae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B649C577404FE63FED93267FED1" author="Heller" box="[428,577,255,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Heller, K. M. (1916) Die Kafer von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen. In: Sarasin, F., Roux, J. (Eds), Nova Caledonia, Zoologie. 2 (3). C. W. Kreidels Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 229 - 364." type="journal article" year="1916">Heller, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This large apionid (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD79B709C577404FC4AFF2633FFFEDE" box="[901,985,255,279]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long without rostrum) was repeatedly observed resting under broad leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FD95FEFA3431FEF3" ID-CoL="4QLTK" authority="Aoupinie Range" authorityName="Aoupinie Range" box="[602,1047,290,315]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balansae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FD95FEFA3364FEF2" box="[602,834,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pycnandra balansae</emphasis>
|
||
(Aoupinié Range)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FB9EFEFD35BFFEF3" ID-CoL="3LJ3Z" authority="Mt Mandjelia" authorityName="Mt Mandjelia" box="[1105,1433,290,315]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dilleniaceae" genus="Hibbertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dilleniales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comptonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FB9EFEFD3479FEF2" box="[1105,1119,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FBA1FEFD34F8FEF2" box="[1134,1246,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">comptonii</emphasis>
|
||
(Mt Mandjélia)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The beetles, usually a few on one tree, were selectively attracted to the plants with freshly developed, whitish leaves, on which they occasionally fed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A109C577404FDA7FEBE3298FEB6" box="[616,702,359,383]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 20. 15" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,287,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,287,1832]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 20. 15) Pterapion kanalae feeding on fresh leaf of Pycnandra balansae; 16) Aprotapion hamiota feeding on Codia incrassata; 16) feeding holes of Tetrapion n. sbgen. et sp. on C. incrassata; 17) adult of Tetrapion n. sbgen. et sp. feeding on inflorescence of C. incrassata; 18, 19) feeding holes of Tetrapion (s. str.) sp. on fresh stems and leaves of C. discolor. (phot.: all—MW; sites: 15 — Aoupinié, 16 — ca. 1 km NW Mt Mandjélia, 17, 18 — Mt Mandjélia, 19, 20 — Bois du Sud)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282870/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<date id="FF9110559C577404FD38FEBE3394FEB6" box="[759,946,359,383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" value="2010-11">November 2010</date>
|
||
, when the season of development of fresh leaves by the above-listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FE00FE52326CFE6A" ID-CoL="8W2XJ" box="[463,586,395,419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FE00FE52326CFE6A" box="[463,586,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pycnandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species was delayed due to low temperatures, adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FB2DFE55357DFE6A" box="[1250,1371,395,419]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kanalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FB2DFE5534D6FE6A" box="[1250,1264,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FACDFE52357DFE6A" box="[1282,1371,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">kanalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected in Aoupinié also from other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FD78FE74331EFE0C" ID-CoL="FY4" box="[695,824,429,453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FCBBFE743440FE0C" ID-CoL="4QLTM" box="[884,1126,429,453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="benthamii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FCBBFE743440FE0C" box="[884,1126,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pycnandra benthamii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FB53FE74353BFE0C" box="[1180,1309,429,453]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Meripilaceae" genus="Beccariella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FB53FE74353BFE0C" box="[1180,1309,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Beccariella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036959C577404FF08FE16336CFD86" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF08FE163267FE21" bold="true" box="[199,577,463,488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FF08FE16321AFE21" authority="Heller, 1916" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1916" box="[199,572,463,488]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wagneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF08FE163186FE21" bold="true" box="[199,416,463,488]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pterapion wagneri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B649C577404FE66FE09321AFE21" author="Heller" box="[425,572,463,488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" refString="Heller, K. M. (1916) Die Kafer von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen. In: Sarasin, F., Roux, J. (Eds), Nova Caledonia, Zoologie. 2 (3). C. W. Kreidels Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 229 - 364." type="journal article" year="1916">Heller, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
One of three peculiar New Caledonian apionid species with horned elytra (each of different genus), it is relatively common through Grande Terre. Adults are regularly collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FF58FDCC31B0FDE4" box="[151,406,533,557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Beccariella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubicunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF58FDCC31B0FDE4" box="[151,406,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Beccariella rubicunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FE67FDCC32B5FDE4" ID-CoL="4QLTK" box="[424,659,533,557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balansae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FE67FDCC32B5FDE4" box="[424,659,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pycnandra balansae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FD15FDCF334CFDE4" ID-CoL="4QLTM" box="[730,874,533,557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="benthamii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FD15FDCF32CEFDE4" box="[730,744,534,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FD35FDCC334CFDE4" box="[762,874,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">benthamii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, likely living also on other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FB77FDCC351CFDE4" ID-CoL="FY4" box="[1208,1338,533,557]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Teneral specimens were recorded between
|
||
<date id="FF9110559C577404FDD2FDEE3361FD86" box="[541,839,567,591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">17 November and 29 June</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036959C577404FF08FD833112FD7E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF08FD833146FDBA" bold="true" box="[199,352,602,627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FF08FD83311FFDBA" box="[199,313,602,627]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Pterapion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FF08FD83311FFDBA" bold="true" box="[199,313,602,627]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pterapion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Several specimens of still unnamed species, including teneral ones (recorded through October to November), were collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FDC4FDA432DDFD5C" box="[523,763,637,661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Beccariella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FDC4FDA432DDFD5C" box="[523,763,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Beccariella lasiantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Poro Plateau, but one also from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D169C577404FB7AFDA435BAFD5C" ID-CoL="4QLTK" box="[1205,1436,637,661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pycnandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balansae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEA879C577404FB7AFDA435BAFD5C" box="[1205,1436,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Pycnandra balansae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Koghi Mts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |