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<mods:title id="A7063E26551A40EAF4002AF66EE2C698">A review of the tribe Hyperaspidini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from the Indian region</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671CFFF937ECFA9AF9B7F92B" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,509,1702,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
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<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF937ECFA9AF9EFF92A" bold="true" box="[151,421,1702,1729]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
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(
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671CFFF937E4FAF6F949F90E" box="[159,259,1739,1765]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,250,1966,1990]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetBox-1="[169,1419,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-2="[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,561,1943]" captionTargetId-0="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure-15@4.[169,1419,181,1920]" captionTargetId-2="figure-21@5.[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure-170@6.[151,1435,561,1943]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Hyperaspis sp. (Brazil) identified as H. maindroni Sicard: a–e. adult: a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. frontal view; d. rear view; e. lateral view; f. abdomen, male; g. ventrite 6, female; h–k. male genitalia: h. tegmen, lateral view; i. tegmen, ventral view; j. penis; k. penis apex; l, m, n. label data." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Life stages of H. maindroni Sicard: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. a–d. Larva of H. maindroni Sicard feeding on various mealybugs: a. solenopsis mealybug; b. cassava mealybug; c. Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell); d. Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell); e–g. adult beetle in mealybug colony." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389016" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389022" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6389016/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6389022/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671CFFF937ECFB2DFA7BF8CC" authority="Sicard, 1929: 179" authorityName="Sicard" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,561,1807,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF937ECFB2DF930F8CC" box="[151,378,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF936FBFB32FA7BF8CC" author="Sicard, A." box="[384,561,1807,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref7492" refString="Sicard, A. (1929) Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Coccinellides de la faune indo-malaise. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 3, 179 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932908672954" type="journal article" year="1929">Sicard, 1929: 179</bibRefCitation>
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.– 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF9353AFB32FB7CF8CC" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[577,822,1807,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" refId="ref6431" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1931) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118 Coccinellidae I. W. Junk, Berlin, 224 pp." type="book" year="1931">Korschefsky 1931: 183</bibRefCitation>
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; 
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.
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<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF937ECFB13F930F8AD" box="[151,378,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
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ab. 
<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF936DFFB13FA45F8AD" box="[420,527,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">brumoides</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8CEF6D671CFFF9356DFB13FA8DF8AD" author="Sicard, A." box="[534,711,1838,1862]" page="180" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF9356DFB13FA8DF8AD" author="Sicard, A." box="[534,711,1838,1862]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref7492" refString="Sicard, A. (1929) Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Coccinellides de la faune indo-malaise. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 3, 179 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932908672954" type="journal article" year="1929">Sicard, 1929: 180</bibRefCitation>
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.– 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF934ADFB13FCDEF8AD" author="Poorani, J." box="[982,1172,1838,1862]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" pagination="307 - 383" refId="ref6797" refString="Poorani, J. (2002) An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Oriental Insects, 36, 307 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2002.10417335" type="journal article" year="2002">Poorani 2002: 347</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF937ECFB70F930F88F" box="[151,378,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
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ab. 
<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF936DFFB71FA4FF88F" box="[420,517,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">includens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF93577FB71FAF7F88F" author="Sicard, A." box="[524,701,1868,1893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref7492" refString="Sicard, A. (1929) Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Coccinellides de la faune indo-malaise. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (10) 3, 179 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932908672954" type="journal article" year="1929">Sicard, 1929: 180</bibRefCitation>
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.– 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF935B5FB71FB88F88E" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[718,962,1868,1893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" refId="ref6431" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1931) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118 Coccinellidae I. W. Junk, Berlin, 224 pp." type="book" year="1931">Korschefsky 1931: 183</bibRefCitation>
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671CFFF934B7FB71FCDBF88E" author="Poorani, J." box="[972,1169,1868,1893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" pagination="307 - 383" refId="ref6797" refString="Poorani, J. (2002) An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Oriental Insects, 36, 307 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2002.10417335" type="journal article" year="2002">Poorani, 2002: 347</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8B92C97C671CFFFA37ECFBAFF8ABFE1E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1938,2037]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
<emphasis id="B959156E671CFFF937ECFBAFF927F847" bold="true" box="[151,365,1938,1964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Brief Description.</emphasis>
Length 
<quantity id="4CD56499671CFFF936B7FBAEFA38F846" box="[460,626,1939,1965]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.53" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.16" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" unit="mm" value="2.53" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.16">2.16–2.90 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CD56499671CFFF935BDFBAEFB27F846" box="[710,877,1939,1965]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.62" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" unit="mm" value="1.91" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.62">1.62–2.20 mm</quantity>
. Form (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671CFFF934BEFBAEFC78F845" box="[965,1074,1939,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Fig. 1a, b</figureCitation>
) oval, dorsoventrally somewhat flattened to very weakly convex, posterior margin of elytra broadly rounded to subtruncate, leaving abdominal apex slightly exposed. Head orange yellow, eyes brilliant metallic green in live specimens, pronotum orange yellow to reddish brown, basal margin of pronotum usually medially infuscate to some degree. Elytra pale creamy yellow, with three longitudinal black vittae, one on each elytron in a mid-dorsal position not reaching apex and one along sutural line reaching apex (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA36BBFCE2FA45FF11" box="[448,527,223,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
), elytral stripes apically joined together with a short stem, forming a trident shaped marking in nominate form (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA36B4FD3EFA55FEF6" box="[463,543,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
); elytral apex narrowly bordered black. Prosternal carinae (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA33C4FD3EFD45FEF6" box="[1215,1295,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CD56499671FFFFA338FFD3EFD45FEF6" box="[1268,1295,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
) convergent towards anterior, lacking a distinct stem. Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA358BFD1AFB09FEA9" box="[752,835,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1h</figureCitation>
) with six visible ventrites, abdominal postcoxal line apically incomplete (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA36FFFD76F99AFE8D" box="[388,464,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1j</figureCitation>
), ventrite 6 with posterior margin emarginate in male (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3345FD76FCC5FE8D" box="[1086,1167,331,358]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1h</figureCitation>
) and broadly arcuate in female (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3788FD52F974FE61" box="[243,318,367,394]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1i</figureCitation>
). Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA357CFD52FAFBFE62" box="[519,689,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1n–p, 1r–t</figureCitation>
) with penis guide asymmetrical (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3352FD52FCDFFE62" box="[1065,1173,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1o, r</figureCitation>
), penis strongly curved with a distinct capsule (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA36D1FDAEFA50FE46" box="[426,538,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1p, s</figureCitation>
), penis apex as illustrated (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3423FDAEFB8CFE46" box="[856,966,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1q, t</figureCitation>
). Female genitalia with coxites (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA323BFDAEFDD9FE45" box="[1344,1427,403,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1k</figureCitation>
) transverse, spermathecal capsule stout with a basal appendix bearing a bulbous, almost globular distal process (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3214FD8AF89FFE1E" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[201,1387,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, r. tegmen, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1l, m</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCFDC2F9F4FCD3" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37BCFDC2F95BFDF2" bold="true" box="[199,273,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3660FDC2FA53FDF2" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[283,537,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3660FDC2FA53FDF2" box="[283,537,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from the southern Indian state of 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA33B1FDC2FD18FDF2" box="[1226,1362,511,537]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
(
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA3218FDC2FDD7FDF2" box="[1379,1437,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Coimbatore) and it is widely distributed almost throughout 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA34FDFE1EFB8AFDD6" box="[902,960,547,573]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">India</collectingCountry>
but appears to be scarce in the northeastern region. The nominate form of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3696FE7AFACEFD8A" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[493,644,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3696FE7AFACEFD8A" box="[493,644,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a trident-shaped elytral macula and the more commonly collected variant(described as ab. 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA36DBFE56FA5CFD6E" box="[416,534,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">brumoides</emphasis>
by Sicard)resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA347BFE56FBE1FD6E" box="[768,939,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA347BFE56FB33FD6E" box="[768,889,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Brumoides</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
in having a similar colour pattern,particularly the elytra with three black stripes. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3567FEB2FA86FD42" box="[540,716,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3567FEB2FADFFD42" box="[540,661,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Brumoides</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3479FEB2FBD3FD42" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[770,921,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3479FEB2FBD3FD42" box="[770,921,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often coexist in nature and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA33A8FEB2FD06FD42" authorityName="E.A. Chapin" authorityYear="1965" box="[1235,1356,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA33A8FEB2FD06FD42" box="[1235,1356,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Brumoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA363CFE8EF994FD26" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[327,478,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA363CFE8EF994FD26" box="[327,478,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its usually larger size, more convex form with apically rounded elytra, head with expanded clypeal margin, smaller scutellar shield, and other generic characters. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3376FEEAFD4CFD1A" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[1037,1286,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3376FEEAFD4CFD1A" box="[1037,1286,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commonly misidentified in collections as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA368BFEC6FA3BFCFE" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[496,625,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA368BFEC6FA3BFCFE" box="[496,625,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">B. suturalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F.) and some workers have wrongly identified it as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA33BDFEC6FDD6FCFD" authority="(Weise)" baseAuthorityName="Weise" box="[1222,1436,763,790]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brumoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA33BDFEC6FD75FCFE" box="[1222,1343,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">B. lineatus</emphasis>
(Weise)
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37DAFF22F888FCD3" box="[161,194,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA37ACFF22F9FAFCD2" author="Gautam, R. D. &amp; Saxena, U. &amp; Gautam, S. &amp; Khan, M. A. &amp; Gautam, C. P. N." box="[215,432,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref5749" refString="Gautam, R. D., Saxena, U., Gautam, S., Khan, M. A. &amp; Gautam, C. P. N. (2007) Studies on solanum mealybug, Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), its parasitoid and predator complex, reproductive potential and utilization as laboratory prey for rearing the ladybird and green lacewing predators. Journal of Entomological Research, 31, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2007">
Gautam 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA364CFF22F922FCD2" box="[311,360,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3379AF7671FFFFA37BCFF7EFC00FA76" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCFF7EFCF1FB2E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA37BCFF7EFA31FCB6" authority="Capra, 1929" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[199,635,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37BCFF7EF9ABFCB7" box="[199,481,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Hyperaspis vinciguerrae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA3697FF7EFA31FCB6" author="Capra, F." box="[492,635,835,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="241 - 242" refId="ref5289" refString="Capra, F. (1929) Due nuovi Coccinellidi di Cirenaica. In: Risultati zoologici della Missione inviata della R. Societa geografica italiana per Pesplorazione dell'oasi di Giarabub (1926 - 1927). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 53, 241 - 242. [1928 - 1930]" type="journal article" year="1929">Capra, 1929</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an extralimital species distributed in Africa, West Asia, and Canary Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA378DFF5AF9B8FC6A" author="Biranvand, A. &amp; Tomaszewska, W. &amp; Nedved, O. &amp; Khormizi, M. Z. &amp; Nicolas, V. &amp; Canepari, C. &amp; Shakarami, J. &amp; Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H." box="[246,498,871,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="311 - 326" refId="ref4858" refString="Biranvand, A., Tomaszewska, W., Nedved, O., Khormizi, M. Z., Nicolas, V., Canepari, C., Shakarami, J., Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H. (2017) Review of the tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4236 (2), 311 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4236.2.6" type="journal article" year="2017">
Biranvand 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA360EFF5AF9E5FC6A" box="[373,431,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA3684FF5AFB52FC6A" author="Romanowski, J. &amp; Ceryngier, P. &amp; Vetrovec, J. &amp; Szawaryn, K." box="[511,792,871,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref7373" refString="Romanowski, J., Ceryngier, P., Vetrovec, J. &amp; Szawaryn, K. (2019) The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. Zootaxa, 4646 (1), 101 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4646.1.6" type="journal article" year="2019">
Romanowski 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA35E0FF5AFA87FC6A" box="[667,717,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
), is similar to 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA34C7FF5AFC11FC6A" box="[956,1115,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA34C7FF5AFC1CFC6A" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[956,1110,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">H. maindroni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA3319FF5AFD26FC6A" author="Biranvand, A. &amp; Tomaszewska, W. &amp; Nedved, O. &amp; Khormizi, M. Z. &amp; Nicolas, V. &amp; Canepari, C. &amp; Shakarami, J. &amp; Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H." box="[1122,1388,871,897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="311 - 326" refId="ref4858" refString="Biranvand, A., Tomaszewska, W., Nedved, O., Khormizi, M. Z., Nicolas, V., Canepari, C., Shakarami, J., Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H. (2017) Review of the tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4236 (2), 311 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4236.2.6" type="journal article" year="2017">
Biranvand 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA33A4FF5AFD53FC6A" box="[1247,1305,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA37ECFFB6F9F0FC4E" author="Romanowski, J. &amp; Ceryngier, P. &amp; Vetrovec, J. &amp; Szawaryn, K." box="[151,442,907,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="101 - 123" refId="ref7373" refString="Romanowski, J., Ceryngier, P., Vetrovec, J. &amp; Szawaryn, K. (2019) The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. Zootaxa, 4646 (1), 101 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4646.1.6" type="journal article" year="2019">
Romanowski 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA364AFFB6F928FC4E" box="[305,354,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
illustrated 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA354DFFB6FAADFC4F" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[566,743,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA354DFFB6FAADFC4F" box="[566,743,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. vinciguerrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and mentioned about the similarities between 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3397FFB6FDD6FC4F" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[1260,1436,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3397FFB6FDD6FC4F" box="[1260,1436,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. vinciguerrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37B2FF92F922FC22" box="[201,360,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA37B2FF92F92EFC22" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[201,356,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">H. maindroni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA360AFF92FA34FC22" author="Hounkpati, K. &amp; McHugh, J. V. &amp; Niang, A. A. &amp; Goergen, G." box="[369,638,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="47340" refId="ref6292" refString="Hounkpati, K., McHugh, J. V., Niang, A. A. &amp; Goergen, G. (2020) Documenting museum records of West African Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in Benin and Senegal. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e 47340. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 8. e 47340" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hounkpati 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA368BFF92FA61FC22" box="[496,555,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
listed 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA35B6FF92FB2FFC22" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[717,869,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA35B6FF92FB2FFC22" box="[717,869,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as present in West Africa (
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA33E5FF92FD54FC22" box="[1182,1310,943,969]" name="Mauritania" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA3250FF92FD21FC22" box="[1323,1387,943,969]" name="Niger" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Niger</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA37ECFFEEF8BBFC05" box="[151,241,979,1006]" name="Senegal" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Senegal</collectingCountry>
) in their list of coccinellids of West Africa, apparently based on the observation by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA33A4FFEEF8A8FBFA" author="Biranvand, A. &amp; Tomaszewska, W. &amp; Nedved, O. &amp; Khormizi, M. Z. &amp; Nicolas, V. &amp; Canepari, C. &amp; Shakarami, J. &amp; Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="311 - 326" refId="ref4858" refString="Biranvand, A., Tomaszewska, W., Nedved, O., Khormizi, M. Z., Nicolas, V., Canepari, C., Shakarami, J., Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H. (2017) Review of the tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4236 (2), 311 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4236.2.6" type="journal article" year="2017">
Biranvand 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA321BFFEEFDDFFC06" box="[1376,1429,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
that 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3667FFCAF984FBFB" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[284,462,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3667FFCAF984FBFB" box="[284,462,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. vinciguerrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA357CFFCAFAD4FBFA" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[519,670,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA357CFFCAFAD4FBFA" box="[519,670,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were likely to be the same. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA34A4FFCAFCB5FBFA" author="Poorani, J. &amp; Lalitha, N." box="[991,1279,1015,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="93 - 120" refId="ref6841" refString="Poorani, J. &amp; Lalitha, N. (2018) Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa, 4382 (1), 93 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4382.1.3" type="journal article" year="2018">Poorani &amp; Lalitha (2018)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the differences between the two species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA353CF826FB0EFBDE" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[583,836,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA353CF826FB0EFBDE" box="[583,836,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have the sexually dimorphic coloration of head and pronotum as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA36C8F802FA2FFBB3" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[435,613,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA36C8F802FA2FFBB3" box="[435,613,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. vinciguerrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the penis of the male genitalia in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3368F802FCE3FBB2" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[1043,1193,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3368F802FCE3FBB2" box="[1043,1193,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in being more slender and the penis capsule also is less robust with a much longer inner process whereas in 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA33C2F85EFD38FB97" box="[1209,1394,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA33C2F85EFD24FB97" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[1209,1390,1123,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">H. vinciguerrae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the penis capsule is distinctly more robust and broader with subequal inner and outer processes. The male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA37ECF896F902FB2F" authorityName="Capra" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,328,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37ECF896F902FB2F" box="[151,328,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. vinciguerrae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA3568F896FB33FB2E" author="Raimundo, A. A. C. &amp; van Harten, A." box="[531,889,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="211 - 243" refId="ref7055" refString="Raimundo, A. A. C. &amp; van Harten, A. (2000) An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) of Yemen. Fauna of Arabia, 18, 211 - 243." type="journal article" year="2000">Raimundo &amp; van Harten (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA34D4F896FCFDFB2E" author="Biranvand, A. &amp; Tomaszewska, W. &amp; Nedved, O. &amp; Khormizi, M. Z. &amp; Nicolas, V. &amp; Canepari, C. &amp; Shakarami, J. &amp; Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H." box="[943,1207,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="311 - 326" refId="ref4858" refString="Biranvand, A., Tomaszewska, W., Nedved, O., Khormizi, M. Z., Nicolas, V., Canepari, C., Shakarami, J., Fekrat, L. &amp; Fursch, H. (2017) Review of the tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4236 (2), 311 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4236.2.6" type="journal article" year="2017">
Biranvand 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3351F896FC16FB2E" box="[1066,1116,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCF8F2FC00FA76" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
The species featured as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA369AF8F2FA31FB02" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[481,635,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA369AF8F2FA31FB02" box="[481,635,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA35DEF8F2FB3DFB02" author="Gonzalez, G." box="[677,887,1231,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" refId="ref5913" refString="Gonzalez, G. (2020) Coccinellidae de Brasil. Available from: http: // www. coccinellidae. cl / paginasWebBra / Paginas / Hyperaspis _ maindroni _ Bra. php (Accessed on 22 February 2022)" type="url" year="2020">Gonzalez’s (2020)</bibRefCitation>
website on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3373F8F2FCE8FB02" ID-CoL="8DB" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1807" box="[1032,1186,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccinellidae</taxonomicName>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA33B5F8F2FD58FB02" box="[1230,1298,1231,1257]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Brazil</collectingCountry>
is certainly different as the coloration and the male genitalia of the Brazilian species are not corresponding with the Indian species. The Brazilian species has a slightly more elongate form with obliquely truncate elytral apices, dark maculae on the head and pronotum, and elytra with dark lateral margins widened in the apical one-third, and the male genitalia, particularly the penis apex, are also different. Images of the specimens identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA33BDF962FD14FA92" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[1222,1374,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA33BDF962FD14FA92" box="[1222,1374,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA37ECF9BEF891FA76" box="[151,219,1411,1437]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(sent by the late Dr Adriano Giorgi) are featured here for comparison (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA348CF9BEFC76FA76" box="[1015,1084,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[169,1419,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[169,1419,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperaspis sp. (Brazil) identified as H. maindroni Sicard: a–e. adult: a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. frontal view; d. rear view; e. lateral view; f. abdomen, male; g. ventrite 6, female; h–k. male genitalia: h. tegmen, lateral view; i. tegmen, ventral view; j. penis; k. penis apex; l, m, n. label data." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389016/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3379AF7671FFFFA37BCF99BFB8BF9BA" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCF99BFD22F9C6" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37BCF99BF9FFFA2B" bold="true" box="[199,437,1446,1472]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B45C321671FFFFA36C4F99AFD2EF9C6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3742765301" collectionCode="BMNH, SOUTH" collectorName="S. India No. &amp; M. S. K. Coll." country="India" location="INDIA" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" specimenCount="5" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA36C4F99AF9BDFA2A" box="[447,503,1447,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Type</typeStatus>
material: “ 
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA3501F99AFAFFFA2A" box="[634,693,1447,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Type</typeStatus>
(red bordered circular label) / 
<collectorName id="26D8ACAA671FFFFA335EF99AFCFFFA2A" box="[1061,1205,1447,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">S. India No.</collectorName>
6, COIMBATORE, feeding on coccids 
<collectedFrom id="38318A81671FFFFA3611F9F6FA5FFA0E" box="[362,533,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA36F0F9F6FA5FFA0E" box="[395,533,1483,1509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Solanum sp.</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
, 15.III.28, 
<collectorName id="26D8ACAA671FFFFA35F6F9F6FB50FA0E" box="[653,794,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">M.S.K. Coll.</collectorName>
/ Pres. by Imp. Bur. Ent., Brit. Mus. 1928-490 / 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3265F9F6F974F9E2" authority="Sic." authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">Hyperaspis maindroni Sic.</taxonomicName>
, 
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA3632F9D2F936F9E2" box="[329,380,1519,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">type</typeStatus>
” (
<collectionCode id="ED3C51B9671FFFFA36EFF9D2F9A4F9E2" box="[404,494,1519,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">BMNH</collectionCode>
); “ 
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA3570F9D2FA0CF9E2" box="[523,582,1519,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Type</typeStatus>
(red bordered circular label) / 31.VIII.22, 
<collectionCode id="ED3C51B9671FFFFA3364F9D2FC36F9E2" box="[1055,1148,1519,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">SOUTH</collectionCode>
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA33F8F9D2FC9FF9E2" box="[1155,1237,1519,1545]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">INDIA</collectingCountry>
, COIMBATORE, Pred. on mealybug 
<collectedFrom id="38318A81671FFFFA360AFA2EFB67F9C6" box="[369,813,1555,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA36E8FA2EFB67F9C6" authority=", T. V. S. Mani Coll." authorityName="T. V. S. Mani Coll." box="[403,813,1555,1581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Tribulus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terrestris">Tribulus terrestris, T.V.S. Mani Coll.</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3439FA2EFB9DF9C6" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[834,983,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">H. maindroni</taxonomicName>
a. brumoides Sic., 
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA33D5FA2EFCA3F9C6" box="[1198,1257,1555,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Type</typeStatus>
” (
<collectionCode id="ED3C51B9671FFFFA327AFA2EFD11F9C6" box="[1281,1371,1555,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">BMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCFA0BFB8BF9BA" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,961,1590,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37BCFA0BF9CBF9BB" bold="true" box="[199,385,1590,1616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Other material.</emphasis>
Numerous specimens from different parts of 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA34FBFA0AFBF7F9BA" box="[896,957,1591,1617]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3379AF7671FFFF037BCFA67FB57FAE8" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCFA67FDD0F8EE" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37BCFA67F92BF99F" bold="true" box="[199,353,1626,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA3611FA66F9E2F99E" box="[362,424,1627,1653]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">India</collectingCountry>
: Widely distributed (
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA35E2FA66FB1FF99E" box="[665,853,1627,1653]" country="India" name="Andhra Pradesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Andhra Pradesh</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA3419FA66FBF8F99E" box="[866,946,1627,1653]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Assam</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA34BBFA66FC48F99E" box="[960,1026,1627,1653]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Bihar</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA336BFA66FC18F99E" box="[1040,1106,1627,1653]" country="India" name="Delhi" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Delhi</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA3324FA66FC9CF99E" box="[1119,1238,1627,1653]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA339FFA66FD78F99E" box="[1252,1330,1627,1653]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Kerala</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA323BFA66F8B9F972" country="India" name="Madhya Pradesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Madhya Pradesh</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA3786FA42F92BF972" box="[253,353,1663,1689]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Manipur</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA3610FA42F98AF972" box="[363,448,1663,1689]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA36B2FA42FA05F972" box="[457,591,1663,1689]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
; Telengana; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA35A2FA42FB2DF972" box="[729,871,1663,1689]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA340AFA42FC46F972" box="[881,1036,1663,1689]" country="India" name="Uttar Pradesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Uttar Pradesh</collectingRegion>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E671FFFFA336EFA42FCECF971" box="[1045,1190,1663,1690]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA33CCFA42FD50F972" box="[1207,1306,1663,1689]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
. Introduced and established in New 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA36D0FA9EF9B6F956" box="[427,508,1699,1725]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA3577FA9EFA89F956" author="Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. &amp; Sankaran, T. &amp; Mathur, K. C." box="[524,707,1699,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" refId="ref7188" refString="Rao, V. P., Ghani, M. A., Sankaran, T. &amp; Mathur, K. C. (1971) A Review of the Biological Control of Insects and Other Pests in South-east Asia and the Pacific Region. Technical Communication, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Slough. 149 pp." type="book" year="1971">
Rao 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA353FFA9EFA3DF956" box="[580,631,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. 1971
</bibRefCitation>
). CABI’s datasheet (2021a) on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3356FA9EFC8CF956" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[1069,1222,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3356FA9EFC8CF956" box="[1069,1222,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mentions that it is present in 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA3677FAFAF9A2F90A" box="[268,488,1735,1761]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, probably based on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA35B2FAFAFBC1F90A" author="Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. &amp; Sankaran, T. &amp; Mathur, K. C." box="[713,907,1735,1761]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" refId="ref7188" refString="Rao, V. P., Ghani, M. A., Sankaran, T. &amp; Mathur, K. C. (1971) A Review of the Biological Control of Insects and Other Pests in South-east Asia and the Pacific Region. Technical Communication, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Slough. 149 pp." type="book" year="1971">
Rao 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3586FAFAFB64F90A" box="[765,814,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. (1971)
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA34EEFAFAFCC3F90A" author="Sreedevi, K. &amp; Veena, N. V. &amp; Joshi, S. &amp; Mohan, M. &amp; Sampathkumar, M. &amp; Mahendiran, G. &amp; Venkatesan, T. &amp; Shylesha, A. N." box="[917,1161,1735,1761]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" pagination="303 - 307" refId="ref7568" refString="Sreedevi, K., Veena, N. V., Joshi, S., Mohan, M., Sampathkumar, M., Mahendiran, G., Venkatesan, T. &amp; Shylesha, A. N. (2020) Record of coccinellid predator, Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on invasive cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Biological Control, 34 (4), 303 - 307. https: // doi. org. 10.18311 / jbc / 2020 / 27123" type="journal article" year="2020">
Sreedevi 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA3484FAFAFC7AF90A" box="[1023,1072,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. (2020)
</bibRefCitation>
wrongly mentioned that “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA37DFFAD6F970F8EE" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[164,314,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37DFFAD6F970F8EE" box="[164,314,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
got established in 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA3570FAD6FA0FF8EE" box="[523,581,1771,1797]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">India</collectingCountry>
from New 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671FFFFA35BEFAD6FB5CF8EE" box="[709,790,1771,1797]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Guinea</collectingCountry>
to bring control of hibiscus mealybug (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671FFFFA33AAFAD6FDC8F8EE" author="Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. &amp; Sankaran, T. &amp; Mathur, K. C." box="[1233,1410,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" refId="ref7188" refString="Rao, V. P., Ghani, M. A., Sankaran, T. &amp; Mathur, K. C. (1971) A Review of the Biological Control of Insects and Other Pests in South-east Asia and the Pacific Region. Technical Communication, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Slough. 149 pp." type="book" year="1971">
Rao 
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA327DFAD6FD7DF8EE" box="[1286,1335,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">et al</emphasis>
. 1971
</bibRefCitation>
)”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671FFFFA37BCFB32F9BAF836" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
<emphasis id="B959156E671FFFFA37BCFB32F9DFF8C2" bold="true" box="[199,405,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Immature stages.</emphasis>
The larva (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA356EFB32FA36F8C1" box="[533,636,1807,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Life stages of H. maindroni Sicard: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 3a–f</figureCitation>
) is fleshy, somewhat spindle shaped with a median bulge and narrowed at both ends. It is usually greyish with powdery wax coating or pruinosity on the dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA33C3FB0EFD55F8A5" box="[1208,1311,1843,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Life stages of H. maindroni Sicard: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 3b–f</figureCitation>
) and rarely pinkish (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3783FB6AF90DF89A" box="[248,327,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Life stages of H. maindroni Sicard: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
) with white waxy coating. The larvae have a characteristic mode of feeding and usually burrow into the ovisacs of mealybugs (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA36BAFB46FA5BF87E" box="[449,529,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Life stages of H. maindroni Sicard: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
) and also feed on the other stages. The pupa (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671FFFFA3368FB46FC2EF87E" box="[1043,1124,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[200,1386,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Life stages of H. maindroni Sicard: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CD56499671FFFFA3333FB46FC2EF87E" box="[1096,1124,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" unit="g" value="3.0">3g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
) is yellowish to pinkish red in colour and enclosed in medially longitudinally split open larval exuvium and is similar to the 
<typeStatus id="549677DE671FFFFA33A0FBA2FD41F852" box="[1243,1291,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">type</typeStatus>
found in the tribes 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA37A7FBFEF978F836" box="[220,306,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Noviini">Noviini</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671FFFFA3613FBFEF9A1F836" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[360,491,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5299F4671EFFFB37ECFBAAFC00F81C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6389012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389012/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="201" startId="3.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[202,1379,182,1907]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671EFFFB37ECFBAAFC00F81C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1943,2040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="B959156E671EFFFB37ECFBAAF95EF844" bold="true" box="[151,276,1943,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="201">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671EFFFB3660FBA5FA00F85B" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[283,586,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671EFFFB3660FBA5F9B4F85B" box="[283,510,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="201">Hyperaspis maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
: a. nominate form; b. common variant; c. antenna; d. maxilla; e. labium; f. head; g. prosternum; h. abdomen, male; i. ventrite 6, female; j. abdominal postcoxal line (enlarged); k. coxites; l, m. spermatheca; n-s. male genitalia: n. tegmen, lateral view; o, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671EFFFB3539FBDDFAE8F813" box="[578,674,2016,2040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="201" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="tegmen">r. tegmen</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; p, s. penis; q, t. penis apex.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5299F46719FFFC37ECFBAAFA88F813" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6389016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389016/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" startId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[169,1419,181,1920]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C6719FFFC37ECFBAAFA88F813" blockId="4.[151,1436,1943,2040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="B959156E6719FFFC37ECFBAAF958F844" bold="true" box="[151,274,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6719FFFC366CFBA5FA4AF85B" box="[279,512,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E6719FFFC366CFBA5F9C0F844" box="[279,394,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Hyperaspis</emphasis>
sp. (Brazil)
</taxonomicName>
identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6719FFFC35FDFBA5FB1DF85B" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[646,855,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6719FFFC35FDFBA5FAD2F844" box="[646,664,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B959156E6719FFFC35DFFBA5FB47F85B" box="[676,781,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
: a–e. adult: a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. frontal view; d. rear view; e. lateral view; f. abdomen, male; g. ventrite 6, female; h–k. male genitalia: h. tegmen, lateral view; i. tegmen, ventral view; j. penis; k. penis apex; l, m, n. label data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5299F46718FFFD37ECFBAAFBD4F85B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6389020" box="[151,926,1943,1968]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389020/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" startId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[200,1386,181,1920]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C6718FFFD37ECFBAAFBD4F85B" blockId="5.[151,926,1943,1968]" box="[151,926,1943,1968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">
<emphasis id="B959156E6718FFFD37ECFBAAF959F844" bold="true" box="[151,275,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Life stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6718FFFD36D1FBA5FA36F85B" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[426,636,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6718FFFD36D1FBA5FA78F85B" box="[426,562,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">H. maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
: a–f. larva; g. pupa; h. adult.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671BFFFE37BCFCAAFB9BFEF5" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE37BCFCAAF9BBFF5B" bold="true" box="[199,497,150,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Prey / associated habitat.</emphasis>
It is primarily a predator of mealybugs (
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE34CEFCAAFC26FF59" box="[949,1132,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F9671BFFFE33F9FCAAFC8DFF5A" box="[1154,1223,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1966,1990]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,561,1943]" captionTargetId="figure-170@6.[151,1435,561,1943]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. a–d. Larva of H. maindroni Sicard feeding on various mealybugs: a. solenopsis mealybug; b. cassava mealybug; c. Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell); d. Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell); e–g. adult beetle in mealybug colony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389022/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), but also recorded in association with aphids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671BFFFE36B9FC86FA3AFF3E" author="Rafi, M. A. &amp; Irshad, M. &amp; Inaytullah, M." box="[450,624,186,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" pagination="69 - 70" refId="ref7018" refString="Rafi, M. A., Irshad, M. &amp; Inaytullah, M. (2005) Predatory Ladybird Beetles of Pakistan. Rohani Art Press, Islamabad. pp. 69 - 70." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Rafi 
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3682FC86FA7AFF3E" box="[505,560,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671BFFFE3501FC86FB36FF3E" author="Chakrabarti, S. &amp; Sarkar, S. &amp; Debnath, M." box="[634,892,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" pagination="129 - 147" refId="ref5347" refString="Chakrabarti, S., Sarkar, S. &amp; Debnath, M. (2012) Diversity, bioecology and biosystematics of aphidophagous predators of eastern Himalaya and Northeast India. In: Hartmann, M. &amp; Weipert, J. (Eds.), Biodiversitat und Naturausstattung im Himalya IV. Verein der Freunde &amp; Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt, pp. 129 - 147." type="book chapter" year="2012">
Chakrabarti 
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE347FFC86FB7EFF3E" box="[772,820,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671BFFFE34FEFC86FC77FF3E" author="Iqbal, Z. &amp; Nasir, M. F. &amp; Bodlah, I. &amp; Szawaryn, K. &amp; Khormizi, M. Z. &amp; Hassan, M. A." box="[901,1085,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" pagination="58 - 76" refId="ref6357" refString="Iqbal, Z., Nasir, M. F., Bodlah, I., Szawaryn, K., Khormizi, M. Z. &amp; Hassan, M. A. (2019) A review of the genus Hyperaspis Chevrolat, 1837 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Pakistan. Oriental Insects, 53, 58 - 76. https: // doi. org. 10.1080 / 00305316.2018.1440258" type="journal article" year="2019">
Iqbal 
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE34BFFC86FBBEFF3E" box="[964,1012,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). In South 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC671BFFFE33CAFC86FCA7FF3E" box="[1201,1261,187,213]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">India</collectingCountry>
, it is commonly collected in association with various mealybugs and aphids infesting brinjal (
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3373FCE2FCA7FF12" box="[1032,1261,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3373FCE2FCA7FF12" box="[1032,1261,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Solanum melongena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671BFFFE325CFCE2F89AFEF6" author="Chatterjee, N. C." pageId="6" pageNumber="204" pagination="133" refId="ref5417" refString="Chatterjee, N. C. (1954) Biological control of the brinjal mealybug and aphis by Hyperaspis maindroni Sic. Current Science, 23 (4), 133." type="journal article" year="1954">Chatterjee 1954</bibRefCitation>
) and parthenium (
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE36E4FD3EFA83FEF6" box="[415,713,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Parthenium hysterophorus</emphasis>
L.) (unpublished data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671BFFFE37BCFD1AFCF2FDF2" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">
The following prey have been recorded in the literature: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE344FFD1AFBE7FEAA" box="[820,941,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphididae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE34CDFD1AFCDDFEAA" authority="Scopoli" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1763" box="[950,1175,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabae">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE34CDFD1AFC73FEAA" box="[950,1081,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Aphis fabae</emphasis>
Scopoli
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE33D9FD1AFDD3FEAA" authority="Glover" authorityName="Glover" authorityYear="1877" box="[1186,1433,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gossypii">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE33D9FD1AFD09FEAB" box="[1186,1347,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Aphis gossypii</emphasis>
Glover
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE37ECFD76F9D7FE8E" authority="Patch" authorityName="Patch" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,413,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiraecola">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE37ECFD76F91CFE8E" box="[151,342,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Aphis spiraecola</emphasis>
Patch
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE36ABFD76FAB9FE8E" authority="van der Goot" authorityName="van der Goot" authorityYear="1912" box="[464,755,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citricola">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE36ABFD76FA1AFE8E" box="[464,592,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">A. citricola</emphasis>
van der Goot
</taxonomicName>
), indeterminate aphids on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3359FD76FC99FE8E" box="[1058,1235,331,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eupatorium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3359FD76FCE2FE8F" box="[1058,1192,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Eupatorium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3399FD76FDD3FE8E" box="[1250,1433,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE37ECFD52F9A1FE61" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" box="[151,491,367,394]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminis">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE37ECFD52F925FE63" box="[151,367,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Antonina graminis</emphasis>
(Maskell)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3687FD52FBCDFE61" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[508,903,367,394]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Dysmicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipes">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3687FD52FAB0FE62" box="[508,762,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Dysmicoccus brevipes</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE34E1FD52FCA8FE61" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[922,1250,367,394]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ferrisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE34E1FD52FC19FE63" box="[922,1107,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Ferrisia virgata</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3388FD52F918FE46" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Coccidohystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insolita">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3388FD52F8A1FE46" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Coccidohystrix insolita</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3618FDAEFAA5FE46" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[355,751,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Maconellicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3618FDAEFAC2FE46" box="[355,648,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Maconellicoccus hirsutus</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE347AFDAEFC3CFE45" authority="(Newstead)" baseAuthorityName="Newstead" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[769,1142,403,430]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Nipaecoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE347AFDAEFBAFFE46" box="[769,997,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Nipaecoccus viridis</emphasis>
(Newstead)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE33FCFDAEF8A1FE3A" authority="Tinsley" authorityName="Tinsley" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Phenacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solenopsis">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE33FCFDAEFDD7FE46" box="[1159,1437,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Phenacoccus solenopsis</emphasis>
Tinsley
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3787FD8AFACDFE39" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[252,647,439,466]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Planococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lilacinus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3787FD8AF9B2FE3A" box="[252,504,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Planococcus lilacinus</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE35E3FD8AFC5DFE3A" authority="Ayyar" authorityName="Ayyar" box="[664,1047,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corymbatus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE35E3FD8AFB8CFE3A" box="[664,966,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Pseudococcus corymbatus</emphasis>
Ayyar
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3353FD8AFCBFFE3A" box="[1064,1269,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Pseudococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3353FD8AFC8DFE3A" box="[1064,1223,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Pseudococcus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE327DFD8AF921FE1E" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Rastrococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iceryoides">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE327DFD8AF940FE1E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Rastrococcus iceryoides</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE360DFDE6FB5CFE1D" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[374,790,475,502]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Saccharicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sacchari">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE360DFDE6FAC7FE1E" box="[374,653,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Saccharicoccus sacchari</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE345AFDE6FBC5FE1E" box="[801,911,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Trabutina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE345AFDE6FBC5FE1E" box="[801,911,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Trabutina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE34C5FDE6FC0BFE1F" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1919" box="[958,1089,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Naiacoccus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE34C5FDE6FC0BFE1F" box="[958,1089,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Naiacoccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp. Associated with aphids on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE37ECFDC2F93CFDF3" box="[151,374,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Cestrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nocturnum">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE37ECFDC2F93CFDF3" box="[151,374,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Cestrum nocturnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE36FFFDC2FA2DFDF2" box="[388,615,511,537]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Colocasia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE36FFFDC2FA2DFDF2" box="[388,615,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Colocasia esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE35DFFDC2FCFEFDF2" authority="(Chakrabarti et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Chakrabarti" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[676,1204,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conyzoides">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE35DFFDC2FBDFFDF2" box="[676,917,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Ageratum conyzoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D671BFFFE34D8FDC2FCE6FDF2" author="Chakrabarti, S. &amp; Sarkar, S. &amp; Debnath, M." box="[931,1196,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" pagination="129 - 147" refId="ref5347" refString="Chakrabarti, S., Sarkar, S. &amp; Debnath, M. (2012) Diversity, bioecology and biosystematics of aphidophagous predators of eastern Himalaya and Northeast India. In: Hartmann, M. &amp; Weipert, J. (Eds.), Biodiversitat und Naturausstattung im Himalya IV. Verein der Freunde &amp; Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt, pp. 129 - 147." type="book chapter" year="2012">
Chakrabarti 
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE334BFDC2FC2BFDF2" box="[1072,1121,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5299F4671BFFFE37ECFB93FCF7F801" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6389022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389022/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" startId="6.[151,250,1966,1990]" targetBox="[151,1435,561,1943]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671BFFFE37ECFB93FCF7F801" blockId="6.[151,1436,1966,2027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE37ECFB93F959F82D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1966,1990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
a–d. Larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE36DEFB92FA3EF82D" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[421,628,1966,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE36DEFB92FA67F82D" box="[421,557,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">H. maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
feeding on various mealybugs: a. solenopsis mealybug; b. cassava mealybug; c. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE37ECFBEEF9BFF801" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,501,2002,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Dysmicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipes">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE37ECFBEEF932F801" box="[151,376,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Dysmicoccus brevipes</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
; d. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671BFFFE3563FBEEFB7DF801" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[536,823,2002,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ferrisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B959156E671BFFFE3563FBEEFAF0F801" box="[536,698,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="204">Ferrisia virgata</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
; e–g. adult beetle in mealybug colony.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5299F4671AFFFF37ECFB96FB5EF80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6389026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389026/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="205" startId="7.[151,250,1963,1987]" targetBox="[210,1377,201,1940]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C671AFFFF37ECFB96FB5EF80C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1963,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="205">
<emphasis id="B959156E671AFFFF37ECFB96F95CF828" bold="true" box="[151,278,1963,1987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="205">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
a. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671AFFFF36D3FB91FA37F828" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[424,637,1963,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E671AFFFF36D3FB91FA79F828" box="[424,563,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="205">H. maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
parasitized by 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671AFFFF3464FB96FCD7F82F" authority="Myartseva" authorityName="Myartseva" authorityYear="1981" box="[799,1181,1963,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkmenicus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671AFFFF3464FB96FC6CF828" box="[799,1062,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="205">Homalotylus turkmenicus</emphasis>
Myartseva
</taxonomicName>
; b. larva with parasitoid emergence holes; c, d. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF671AFFFF3604FBF2FAC9F80C" authorityName="Myartseva" authorityYear="1981" box="[383,643,1999,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkmenicus">
<emphasis id="B959156E671AFFFF3604FBF2FAC9F80C" box="[383,643,1999,2023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="205">Homalotylus turkmenicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult female.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5299F46715FFF037ECF82FF95EFBA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6389028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" startId="8.[151,250,1042,1066]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1017]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C6715FFF037ECF82FF95EFBA5" blockId="8.[151,1436,1042,1102]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF037ECF82FF95EFBC1" bold="true" box="[151,276,1042,1066]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
a. Parasitized larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF0357EF82EFA90FBC1" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[517,730,1042,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0357EF82EFAC5FBC1" box="[517,655,1042,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H. maindroni</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
; b, c. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03460F82EFC05FBC1" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1834" box="[795,1103,1042,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Metastenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03460F82EFBB7FBC1" box="[795,1021,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Metastenus concinnus</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
, adult female: b. dorsal view; c. lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C6715FFF037BCF841FB57FAE8" blockId="8.[151,1437,1148,1823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">
Associations based on label data: Associated with mealybugs and aphids infesting guava, sugarcane, mesta, cotton, banana, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF0362CF89DFA48FB50" box="[343,514,1184,1211]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Boehmeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0362CF89DF998FB51" box="[343,466,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Boehmeria</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, coconut, 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF035F8F89DFB11FB51" box="[643,859,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF035F8F89DFB1DFB51" box="[643,855,1184,1210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Tribulus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terrestris">Tribulus terrestris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and Rhodes grass; Collected on infestations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF037ECF8F9F9D6FB35" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[151,412,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Coccidohystrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insolita">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF037ECF8F9F9D6FB35" box="[151,412,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Coccidohystrix insolita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on brinjal, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03567F8F9FA9EFB35" box="[540,724,1220,1246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvum">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03567F8F9FA9EFB35" box="[540,724,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Solanum torvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other solanaceous plants; solenopsis mealybug on banana, parthenium and cotton; on cassava mealybug (label data).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3379AF76715FFF037BCF931FB27F8F5" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B92C97C6715FFF037BCF931FC41FA14" blockId="8.[151,1437,1148,1823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF037BCF931F96DFACD" bold="true" box="[199,295,1292,1318]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Biology.</emphasis>
Many workers have studied the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03461F930FBF8FACD" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[794,946,1292,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03461F930FBF8FACD" box="[794,946,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC6715FFF034A3F931FC58FACD" box="[984,1042,1292,1318]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF0335AF931F891FAA0" author="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P." pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref6917" refString="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P. (1955) Beneficial coccinellids of Mysore-II. Indian Journal of Entomology, 17, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1955">Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1955</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF03792F90DF96EFAA0" author="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P." box="[233,292,1328,1355]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="156 - 159" refId="ref6947" refString="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P. (1956) Some beneficial coccinellids of Mysore. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 54, 156 - 159." type="journal article" year="1956">1956</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF03649F90DF921FAA0" author="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P." box="[306,363,1328,1355]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref6981" refString="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P. (1957) Notes on some predators of mealybugs (Coccidae, Hemiptera). The Mysore Agricultural Journal, 32, 4 - 19." type="journal article" year="1957">1957</bibRefCitation>
) provided brief notes on its biology, hosts and associated host plants. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF033E1F90CFDD6FAA0" author="Rawat, R. R. &amp; Modi, B. N." box="[1178,1436,1328,1355]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="1057 - 1060" refId="ref7249" refString="Rawat, R. R. &amp; Modi, B. N. (1969) Record of some predacious beetles on coccid, aphid and mite pests from Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 39, 1057 - 1060." type="journal article" year="1969">Rawat &amp; Modi (1969)</bibRefCitation>
studied its biology on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF036F6F968F9B2FA85" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[397,504,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Ferrisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF036F6F968F9B2FA85" box="[397,504,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">F. virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF0357EF969FA9CFA84" author="Fand, B. B. &amp; Gautam, R. D. &amp; Suroshe, S." box="[517,726,1364,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="35 - 41" refId="ref5586" refString="Fand, B. B., Gautam, R. D. &amp; Suroshe, S. (2010 a) Comparative biology of four coccinellid predators of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Biological Control, 24 (1), 35 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.18311 / jbc / 2010 / 3563" type="journal article" year="2010">
Fand 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03538F968FA39FA85" box="[579,627,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">et al</emphasis>
. (2010 a
</bibRefCitation>
, b) studied its biology on solenopsis mealybug in the laboratory and found it to be a promising candidate. It is found almost throughout the year in South 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC6715FFF033D3F945FCAFFA79" box="[1192,1253,1400,1426]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF03389F945F9F9FA5C" author="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P." pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref6981" refString="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P. (1957) Notes on some predators of mealybugs (Coccidae, Hemiptera). The Mysore Agricultural Journal, 32, 4 - 19." type="journal article" year="1957">Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1957)</bibRefCitation>
found it to be active during summer months (March–May) on various hosts, particularly 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF037ECF9FDF971FA30" box="[151,315,1472,1499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Boehmeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF037ECF9FDF958FA31" box="[151,274,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Boehmeria</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, in and around Bangalore. Collected during January–February, June–August, September–November (South 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC6715FFF03792F9D9F96DFA14" box="[233,295,1508,1535]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
), June and October (from 
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E6715FFF03531F9D8FAD1FA14" box="[586,667,1509,1535]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Assam</collectingRegion>
), and March (
<collectingRegion id="49E9079E6715FFF0344EF9D9FB3CFA14" box="[821,886,1508,1535]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Bihar</collectingRegion>
) (label data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92C97C6715FFF037BCFA35FB27F8F5" blockId="8.[151,1437,1148,1823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF037BCFA35F9DEF9C9" bold="true" box="[199,404,1544,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF036E5FA35FB75F9C8" authority="Myartseva" authorityName="Myartseva" authorityYear="1981" box="[414,831,1544,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkmenicus">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF036E5FA35FAF5F9C9" box="[414,703,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Homalotylus turkmenicus</emphasis>
Myartseva
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF0342BFA35FBA5F9C9" box="[848,1007,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03487FA35FC3DF9C8" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1020,1143,1544,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
) is a common gregarious endoparasitoid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03627FA10F9A5F9AD" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[348,495,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03627FA10F9A5F9AD" box="[348,495,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H.maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1316D5F96715FFF03680FA11FA71F9AC" box="[507,571,1580,1607]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1963,1987]" captionTargetBox="[210,1377,201,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[210,1377,201,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. a. Larvae of H. maindroni Sicard parasitized by Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva; b. larva with parasitoid emergence holes; c, d. Homalotylus turkmenicus, adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389026/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Unusually high levels of larval parasitism (65.67–80.95%) by 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF0338FFA10FDD6F9AD" authorityName="Myartseva" authorityYear="1981" box="[1268,1436,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkmenicus">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0338FFA10FDD6F9AD" box="[1268,1436,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H.turkmenicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed in South 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC6715FFF036D8FA6DF997F981" box="[419,477,1616,1642]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
and are probably having an adverse effect on the natural control of cassava mealybug, an invasive pest recently introduced in 
<collectingCountry id="F33A89EC6715FFF0352CFA49FADBF965" box="[599,657,1652,1678]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF035DBFA49FB27F965" author="Gupta, A. &amp; Mohan, M. &amp; Sampathkumar, M. &amp; Shylesha, A. N. &amp; Venkatachalam, S. R. &amp; Bakthavatsalam, N." box="[672,877,1652,1679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="158 - 160" refId="ref6039" refString="Gupta, A., Mohan, M., Sampathkumar, M., Shylesha, A. N., Venkatachalam, S. R. &amp; Bakthavatsalam, N. (2020) Cautionary note on the presence of Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the colonies of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in southern India. Journal of Biological Control, 34, 158 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.18311 / jbc / 2020 / 25470" type="journal article" year="2020">
Gupta 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03594FA48FB68F965" box="[751,802,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF03402FA49FC28F965" author="Sreedevi, K. &amp; Veena, N. V. &amp; Joshi, S. &amp; Mohan, M. &amp; Sampathkumar, M. &amp; Mahendiran, G. &amp; Venkatesan, T. &amp; Shylesha, A. N." box="[889,1122,1652,1679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="303 - 307" refId="ref7568" refString="Sreedevi, K., Veena, N. V., Joshi, S., Mohan, M., Sampathkumar, M., Mahendiran, G., Venkatesan, T. &amp; Shylesha, A. N. (2020) Record of coccinellid predator, Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on invasive cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Biological Control, 34 (4), 303 - 307. https: // doi. org. 10.18311 / jbc / 2020 / 27123" type="journal article" year="2020">
Sreedevi 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0349FFA48FC5CF965" box="[996,1046,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF0330DFA49FDD6F965" author="Ghani, M. A. &amp; Muzaffar, N." box="[1142,1436,1652,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" refId="ref5831" refString="Ghani, M. A. &amp; Muzaffar, N. (1974) Relations between the parasite-predator complex and the host-plants of scale insects in Pakistan. Miscellaneous publication No. 5, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, CAB, Slough, 92 pp." type="book" year="1974">Ghani &amp; Muzaffar (1974)</bibRefCitation>
recorded 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF0367FFAA4FA42F958" authority="(Dalman)" baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[260,520,1688,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaminius">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0367FFAA4F9D8F959" box="[260,402,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H. flaminius</emphasis>
(Dalman)
</taxonomicName>
as a parasitoid of 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0359DFAA4FBC2F959" box="[742,904,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF0359DFAA4FBC9F959" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[742,899,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">H. maindroni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF034E9FAA4FCA2F959" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1834" box="[914,1256,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Metastenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF034E9FAA4FCC4F959" box="[914,1166,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Metastenus concinnus</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03381FAA5FDD3F959" box="[1274,1433,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF037ECFA81F967F93C" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,301,1724,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="1316D5F96715FFF0363FFA81F9C2F93C" box="[324,392,1724,1751]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1042,1066]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1017]" captionTargetId="figure-15@8.[151,1435,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. a. Parasitized larva of H. maindroni Sicard; b, c. Metastenus concinnus Walker, adult female: b. dorsal view; c. lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6389028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6389028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) is a pupal parasitoid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF035D9FA80FB73F93D" authorityName="Sicard" authorityYear="1929" box="[674,825,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF035D9FA80FB73F93D" box="[674,825,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H. maindroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(label data; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF034BDFA81FCC4F93D" author="Gupta, A. &amp; Sampathkumar, M. &amp; Mohan, M. &amp; Shylesha, A. N. &amp; Venkatesan, T. &amp; Shashank, P. R. &amp; Dhanyakumar, O. &amp; Ramkumar, P. &amp; Sakthivel, N. &amp; Geetha, B." box="[966,1166,1724,1751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="01878" refId="ref6130" refString="Gupta, A., Sampathkumar, M., Mohan, M., Shylesha, A. N., Venkatesan, T., Shashank, P. R., Dhanyakumar, O., Ramkumar, P., Sakthivel, N. &amp; Geetha, B. (2021) Assessing adverse impact of the native biological control disruptors in the colonies of the recent invasive pest Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in India. Global Ecology and Conservation, 32, e 01878. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gecco. 2021. e 01878." type="journal article" year="2021">
Gupta 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03369FA80FC0EF93D" box="[1042,1092,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Two more parasitoids, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF037ECFADCF9BAF910" box="[151,496,1760,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF037ECFADCF962F910" box="[151,296,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
sp. (Eulophidae)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF03555FADDFBE8F910" box="[558,930,1760,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Signiphoridae" genus="Chartocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF03555FADDFAF0F911" box="[558,698,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">Chartocerus</emphasis>
sp. (Signiphoridae)
</taxonomicName>
, have been recorded in association with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2DB2FF6715FFF032FAFADCF9A3F8F5" authority="(Gupta et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Gupta" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hyperaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maindroni">
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF032FAFADCF941F8F5" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">H. maindroni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCB48D6715FFF03662FB39F9A8F8F5" author="Gupta, A. &amp; Sampathkumar, M. &amp; Mohan, M. &amp; Shylesha, A. N. &amp; Venkatesan, T. &amp; Shashank, P. R. &amp; Dhanyakumar, O. &amp; Ramkumar, P. &amp; Sakthivel, N. &amp; Geetha, B." box="[281,482,1796,1823]" pageId="8" pageNumber="206" pagination="01878" refId="ref6130" refString="Gupta, A., Sampathkumar, M., Mohan, M., Shylesha, A. N., Venkatesan, T., Shashank, P. R., Dhanyakumar, O., Ramkumar, P., Sakthivel, N. &amp; Geetha, B. (2021) Assessing adverse impact of the native biological control disruptors in the colonies of the recent invasive pest Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in India. Global Ecology and Conservation, 32, e 01878. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gecco. 2021. e 01878." type="journal article" year="2021">
Gupta 
<emphasis id="B959156E6715FFF0361CFB38F9D2F8F5" box="[359,408,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="206">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the latter being a hyperparasitoid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>