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<document id="7604E16AF821E73D21C16F070D1D2387" ID-CLB-Dataset="46037" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="81c6da54-aa9d-4542-bc58-489347df651f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="229458" ID-ZooBank="38774841-3A14-4FF8-B8D7-3B8387888725" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460407497573" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Peña-Santiago, R., Niknam, G., Álvarez-Ortega, S. &amp; Jabbari, H." docDate="2014" docId="0383C36E21614C347C8E0FD48A3F57F6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03785p517.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3785 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Metaxonchium Coomans &amp; Nair 1975" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="508" masterDocId="FFBABB1621664C3C7C190F4C8B53570E" masterDocTitle="Metaxonchium persicum sp. n. from Iran (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Belondiridae), with an updated taxonomy of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="517" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="508" updateTime="1698299971729" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E2772762B6E8199325DE4DBDA84DF853">Metaxonchium persicum sp. n. from Iran (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Belondiridae), with an updated taxonomy of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B4B19DBEEA605AD852649F8730236E8E">Peña-Santiago, R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C9567FDEB5D00D7EC3C1505E8B3E72A2">Jabbari, H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="EC4D13B2C05945CEABB9033973BD6377">2014</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C33021F321614C3B7C8E0FD4884F57BC" box="[151,796,151,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7C8E0FD4884F57BC" blockId="7.[151,796,151,178]" box="[151,796,151,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<heading id="D0DDC51421614C3B7C8E0FD4884F57BC" bold="true" box="[151,796,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7C8E0FD4884F57BC" bold="true" box="[151,796,151,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
Taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7D580FDB884F57BC" authority="Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975" authorityName="Coomans &amp; Nair" authorityYear="1975" box="[321,796,151,178]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7D580FDB8AAA57BF" bold="true" box="[321,505,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DE60FD4884F57BC" author="Coomans" box="[511,796,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7C8E0F93881A57FA" blockId="7.[151,1051,222,336]" box="[151,841,222,244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7CB20F92881A57FA" authority="Cobb, 1920 (Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975)" authorityName="Cobb, 1920 (Coomans &amp; Nair" authorityYear="1975" box="[171,841,222,244]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Metaxonchium">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CB20F928A9957FA" box="[171,458,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium (Metaxonchium)</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DC80F92891B57FA" author="Cobb" box="[465,584,222,244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas. (Type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 243." type="journal article" year="1920">Cobb, 1920</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7E4D0F92881157FA" author="Coomans" box="[596,834,222,244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7C8E0FB28800561D" blockId="7.[151,1051,222,336]" box="[151,851,253,275]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7C8E0FB28BFB561D" box="[151,168,254,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7CB70FB18902561D" authority="(Discaxonchium) Cobb, 1920" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="Discaxonchium" box="[174,593,253,275]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CB70FB18A87561D" box="[174,468,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium (Discaxonchium)</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DC20FB18902561D" author="Cobb" box="[475,593,253,275]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas. (Type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 243." type="journal article" year="1920">Cobb, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7E470FB1881F561D" author="Coomans" box="[606,844,253,275]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7C8E0E518812563C" blockId="7.[151,1051,222,336]" box="[151,833,284,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7C8E0E518BFB563C" box="[151,168,285,306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7CB70E50896C563C" authority="(Epaxonchium) Cobb, 1920" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="Epaxonchium" box="[174,575,284,306]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CB70E508A91563C" box="[174,450,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium (Epaxonchium)</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DD10E50896C563C" author="Cobb" box="[456,575,284,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas. (Type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 243." type="journal article" year="1920">Cobb, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7E550E508869563C" author="Coomans" box="[588,826,284,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7C8E0E778F48565E" blockId="7.[151,1051,222,336]" box="[151,1051,314,336]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7C8E0E778BFB565E" box="[151,168,315,336]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7CB70E768931565E" authority="(Spiculaxonchium) Cobb, 1920" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="Spiculaxonchium" box="[174,610,314,336]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CB70E768AB6565E" box="[174,485,314,336]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium (Spiculaxonchium)</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DF50E768931565E" author="Cobb" box="[492,610,314,336]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas. (Type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 243." type="journal article" year="1920">Cobb, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7E760E768F46565E" author="Ahmad" box="[623,1045,314,336]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Ahmad, W. &amp; Jairajpuri, M. S. (1982) Studies on the genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920 from India. Nematologica, 28, 21 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529282 x 00484" type="journal article" year="1982">Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1982; but see below</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7C8E0E3189E75464" blockId="7.[151,1437,381,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7C8E0E318AF95698" bold="true" box="[151,426,381,406]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Brief historical outline.</emphasis>
In the last paper of their excellent revision of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B78040E318E745698" authority="Cobb, 1920" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[1053,1319,381,406]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B78040E318FC8569B" box="[1053,1179,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B78BB0E318E745698" author="Cobb" box="[1186,1319,381,406]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas. (Type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 243." type="journal article" year="1920">Cobb, 1920</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B792B0E328A1056B4" author="Coomans" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans and Nair (1975</bibRefCitation>
; see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DB40EED898056B7" author="Jairajpuri" box="[429,723,417,442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Jairajpuri, M. S. &amp; Ahmad, W. (1992) Dorylaimida. Free-living, Predaceous and Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, 458 pp." type="book" year="1992">Jairajpuri &amp; Ahmad, 1992</bibRefCitation>
) proposed its division into nine “groups or subgenera” (p. 325), one of them
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7D350E898A8156D3" box="[300,466,453,477]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7D350E898A8156D3" box="[300,466,453,477]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with three species, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7F040E898F8C56D3" box="[797,1247,453,477]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="coronatum" subGenus="Metaxonchium">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7F040E898F8C56D3" box="[797,1247,453,477]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium (Metaxonchium) coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B790E0E8A8EC756D0" author="Man" box="[1303,1428,454,478]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="de Man, J. G. (1907) Observations sur quelques especes de nematodes terrestres libres de l'Ile de Walcheren. Annales de la Societe Royale de Zoologie et Malacologie de Belgique, 41 (1906), 161 - 174." type="journal article" year="1907">Man, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7C8E0EA58AE9550C" author="Thorne" box="[151,442,489,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Thorne, G. &amp; Swanger, H. H. (1936) A monograph of the nematode genera Dorylaimus Dujardin, Aporcelaimus n. gen., Dorylaimoides n. gen., and Pungentus n. gen. Capita Zoologica, 6, 1 - 223." type="journal article" year="1936">Thorne &amp; Swanger, 1936</bibRefCitation>
, which was proposed as
<typeStatus id="5491CCDA21614C3B7EC10EA6885B550C" box="[728,776,490,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7F680EA58E43550C" authority="Altherr, 1953" authorityName="Altherr" authorityYear="1953" box="[881,1296,489,514]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="leptocephalum" subGenus="Metaxonchium">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7F680EA58F22550F" box="[881,1137,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">A. (M.) leptocephalum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B78600EA58E43550C" author="Altherr" box="[1145,1296,489,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Altherr, E. (1953) Nematodes du sol du Jura vaudois et francais. I. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 65, 429 - 460." type="journal article" year="1953">Altherr, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B79530EA58A9D5528" authority="Jairajpuri, 1965" authorityName="Jairajpuri" authorityYear="1965" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="vaginatum" subGenus="Metaxonchium">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B79530EA58A5E552B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">A. (M.) vaginatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7D0E0D418A9D5528" author="Jairajpuri" box="[279,462,525,550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Jairajpuri, M. S. (1965) A new species of the genus Axonchium Cobb with notes on the occurrence of A. caudatum Williams in India, and the taxonomic status of Discolaimus pakistanicus Timm and Bhuiyan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Calcutta, 18, 155 - 158." type="journal article" year="1965">Jairajpuri, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7E9D0D418879552B" box="[644,810,525,549]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E9D0D418879552B" box="[644,810,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was characterized and separated from its relatives by having, among other features, lip region offset, fusiform odontostyle, anterior portion of pharynx quite muscular and lacking a spindle-shaped portion,
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E260D1A881A5563" box="[575,841,597,621]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">pars refringens vaginae</emphasis>
present (= “vagina sclerotized”), and males rare with small spicules. In describing two new
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7E5D0D358991559F" box="[580,706,633,657]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E5D0D358991559F" box="[580,706,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Axonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from the Iberian Peninsula,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B78430D358BB255B8" author="Pena-Santiago" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Pena-Santiago, R. &amp; Coomans, A. (1990) Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucia Oriental, Spain. Tylencholaimellus hispanicus sp. n. and two new species of Axonchium Cobb, 1920. Nematologica, 36, 144 - 160. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 002925990 x 00121" type="journal article" year="1990">Peña-Santiago and Coomans (1990)</bibRefCitation>
were aware that the differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7EA00DD1880C55BB" box="[697,863,669,693]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7EA00DD1880C55BB" box="[697,863,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B782A0DD18F9E55BB" box="[1075,1229,669,693]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Epaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B782A0DD18F9E55BB" box="[1075,1229,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Epaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also proposed by Coomans and Nair (
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7D9E0D8E8A8A55D7" box="[391,473,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">op. cit.</emphasis>
), were not significant and regarded the latter as a junior synonym of the former.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7C8E0DA98A0755F0" author="Andrassy" box="[151,340,741,766]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (1991) The free-living nematode fauna of the Batorliget Nature Reserves. The Batorliget Nature Reserve-after forty years, 129 - 197." type="book chapter" year="1991">Andrássy (1991)</bibRefCitation>
raised the rank of
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7E280DA9898455F3" box="[561,727,741,765]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E280DA9898455F3" box="[561,727,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to generic level and stated (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B789D0DA98E6555F0" author="Andrassy" box="[1156,1334,741,766]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (2009) Free-living nematodes of Hungary. III. Pedozoologica Hungarica nº 5. Hungarian Natural History Museum. Budapest, Hungary, 608 pp." type="book" year="2009">Andrássy, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) that the subgenera
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7D090C45899D542C" authority="Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975" authorityName="Coomans &amp; Nair" authorityYear="1975" box="[272,718,777,802]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Discaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7D090C458AED542F" box="[272,446,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Discaxonchium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DDC0C46899D542C" author="Coomans" box="[453,718,777,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7EC30C458827542F" box="[730,884,777,801]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Epaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7EC30C458827542F" box="[730,884,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Epaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7FB50C458ECF542C" authority="Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1982" authorityName="Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri" authorityYear="1982" box="[940,1436,777,802]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Spiculaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7FB50C458F3E542F" box="[940,1133,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Spiculaxonchium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B786D0C458ECF542C" author="Ahmad" box="[1140,1436,777,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Ahmad, W. &amp; Jairajpuri, M. S. (1982) Studies on the genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920 from India. Nematologica, 28, 21 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529282 x 00484" type="journal article" year="1982">Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
may be also classified under it. In 1996, the same author described the new species
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B785D0C628FA6544B" box="[1092,1269,813,837]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="echinulatum">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B785D0C628FA6544B" box="[1092,1269,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. echinulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F33D32E821614C3B79230C628ECF5448" box="[1338,1436,814,838]" name="Hungary" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Hungary</collectingCountry>
and provided an updated list of 19 valid species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7CDE0C398F6852A4" blockId="7.[151,1437,381,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CDE0C39891A5480" bold="true" box="[199,585,885,910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Morphological characterization.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7E480C3989A45483" box="[593,759,885,909]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E480C3989A45483" box="[593,759,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a relatively homogeneous taxon, mainly characterized by its lip region with separate lips and offset by constriction, odontostyle short and fusiform, both pharyngeal sections separated by an isthmus-like narrowing,
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E7B0CF2883C54DB" box="[610,879,957,981]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">pars refringens vaginae</emphasis>
well developed, caudal region short and rounded to convex conoid in both sexes, and spaced ventromedian supplements without hiatus. A few species, however, do not totally fit this general pattern and introduce some heterogeneity to the group:
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B78310B4A8F975313" box="[1064,1220,1029,1053]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bihariense">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B78310B4A8F975313" box="[1064,1220,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. bihariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a perceptible isthmus-like narrowing between both pharyngeal regions;
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7F2E0B668E12534C" authority="(Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1996" authorityName="(Thorne, 1939) Andrassy" authorityYear="1996" box="[823,1345,1065,1090]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="choristum">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7F2E0B66889C534F" box="[823,975,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. choristum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7FF80B658F2E534C" author="Thorne" box="[993,1149,1065,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Thorne, G. (1939) A monograph of the nematodes of the superfamily Dorylaimoidea. Capita Zoologica, 8, 1 - 261." type="journal article" year="1939">Thorne, 1939</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B78890B658E12534C" author="Andrassy" box="[1168,1345,1065,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (1996) Free-living nematodes in the Bukk mountains, Hungary. The fauna of the Bukk National Park, 33 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1996">Andrássy, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B79640B6689095368" authority="(Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1996" authorityName="(Thorne, 1939) Andrassy" authorityYear="1996" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="serpens">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B79640B668BBF536B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. serpens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7CE40B018ACB5368" author="Thorne" box="[253,408,1101,1126]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Thorne, G. (1939) A monograph of the nematodes of the superfamily Dorylaimoidea. Capita Zoologica, 8, 1 - 261." type="journal article" year="1939">Thorne, 1939</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DB30B0189095368" author="Andrassy" box="[426,602,1101,1126]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (1996) Free-living nematodes in the Bukk mountains, Hungary. The fauna of the Bukk National Park, 33 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1996">Andrássy, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
bear a series of 19–26 and 22–30 contiguous ventromedian supplements with and without hiatus, respectively;
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7E500B3E89865387" box="[585,725,1137,1161]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="spiculum">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E500B3E89865387" box="[585,725,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. spiculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a peculiar combination of characters (deep constriction rather than an isthmus-like narrowing between both pharyngeal sections, which are abutting, spicules with very atypical morphology (bearing a very short median piece), and weakly developed ventromedian supplements arranged in two separate groups), which raises serious doubt about its belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B787E0B918E5E53FB" box="[1127,1293,1245,1269]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B787E0B918E5E53FB" box="[1127,1293,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B79060B9289C05214" authority="(Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1982) Andrassy, 1996" authorityName="(Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1982) Andrassy" authorityYear="1996" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tacitum">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B79060B928ECF53FB" box="[1311,1436,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. tacitum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7C870A4D8A835214" author="Ahmad" box="[158,464,1281,1306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Ahmad, W. &amp; Jairajpuri, M. S. (1982) Studies on the genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920 from India. Nematologica, 28, 21 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529282 x 00484" type="journal article" year="1982">Ahmad &amp; Jairajpuri, 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7DFB0A4D89C05214" author="Andrassy" box="[482,659,1281,1306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (1996) Free-living nematodes in the Bukk mountains, Hungary. The fauna of the Bukk National Park, 33 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1996">Andrássy, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has abutting pharyngeal sections as well; and
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B78A80A4E8ADD5230" authority="(Hechler, 1969) Andrassy, 1996" authorityName="(Hechler, 1969) Andrassy" authorityYear="1996" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="thornei">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B78A80A4E8E795217" box="[1201,1322,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">M. thornei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B79250A4D8B835230" author="Hechler" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Hechler, H. C. (1969) Taxonomy and morphology of Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiroidea), and a description of A. thornei n. sp. Journal of Nematology, 1, 321 - 348." type="journal article" year="1969">Hechler, 1969</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7CF90A698ADD5230" author="Andrassy" box="[224,398,1317,1342]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (1996) Free-living nematodes in the Bukk mountains, Hungary. The fauna of the Bukk National Park, 33 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1996">Andrássy, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
bears 13–15 contiguous ventromedian supplements with hiatus. A few other morphological features display significant variation: presence/absence of valve-like elements in a swelling of the anterior pharyngeal section, presence/absence of apophyses in the uterus, and shape of
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B786F0A228ECF528B" box="[1142,1436,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">pars refringens vaginae.</emphasis>
Accordingly, the separation of most species is principally based on morphometrics.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33021F321614C347CDE0AF98A3F57F6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C3B7CDE0AF98FAB5054" blockId="7.[151,1437,381,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CDE0AF98A9B52C0" bold="true" box="[199,456,1461,1486]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Diagnosis (emended).</emphasis>
Medium to large-sized nematodes, body
<quantity id="4CD2DF9D21614C3B7FBE0AF98F6252C3" box="[935,1073,1461,1486]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="1.6">1.6–4.2 mm</quantity>
long. Cuticle bi- or tri-layered, with fine transverse striation and especially thick at caudal region. Lip region offset by constriction, with separate lips. Amphid openings encircling most the lip region base. Odontostyle fusiform, 8–23 µm long or about equal to lip region diameter. Guiding ring simple, visibly refractive. Odontophore rod-like, lacking any significant differentiation. Both pharyngeal sections typically separated by a isthmus-like narrowing, very occasionally by a constriction or without differentiation; basal expansion large, occupying up to three-fourths of total neck length. Cardia tongue-like, well developed. Female genital system mono-opisthodelphic, with anterior branch reduced to a more or less (but usually well-) developed uterine sac plus a vestigial terminal cell mass, posterior uterus long and often tripartite with apophyses (echinophorous uterus,
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7F030999886551E3" box="[794,822,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">cf.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7F58099988A651E0" author="Andrassy" box="[833,1013,1749,1774]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (1991) The free-living nematode fauna of the Batorliget Nature Reserves. The Batorliget Nature Reserve-after forty years, 129 - 197." type="book chapter" year="1991">Andrássy, 1991</bibRefCitation>
) in several species;
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B78F5099A8BA3501F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">pars refringens vaginae</emphasis>
well (very occasionally less) developed; vulva a transverse slit. Tail similar in both sexes, short and rounded to convex conoid. Males often frequent, with variably sized (39–107 µm long) and shaped spicules, and 7– 17 spaced ventromedian supplements (but 19–30 contiguous in two species), with or without hiatus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B95727821614C347CDE08298A3F57F6" blockId="7.[151,1437,381,2026]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CDE08298A235070" bold="true" box="[199,368,1893,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Relationships.</emphasis>
Within the subfamily Axonchiinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7F15082988FB5070" author="Thorne" box="[780,936,1893,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Thorne, G. (1964) Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchinae new family (Nematoda: Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agriculture Experimental Station Technical Paper, No. 39, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1964">Thorne, 1964</bibRefCitation>
, which contains eight genera (
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B791108298E775073" box="[1288,1316,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">cf.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B793408298B8050AC" author="Andrassy" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Andrassy, I. (2009) Free-living nematodes of Hungary. III. Pedozoologica Hungarica nº 5. Hungarian Natural History Museum. Budapest, Hungary, 608 pp." type="book" year="2009">Andrássy, 2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7CE908C58AC550AF" box="[240,406,1929,1953]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Metaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7CE908C58AC550AF" box="[240,406,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Metaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles the genera
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7EA008C58F7E50AF" box="[697,1069,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7EA008C5886950AF" box="[697,826,1929,1953]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Axonchium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Axonchium</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7F5608C58F7E50AF" authority="Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975" authorityName="Coomans &amp; Nair" authorityYear="1975" box="[847,1069,1929,1953]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dactyluraxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Dactyluraxonchium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B782608C68E3150AC" author="Coomans" box="[1087,1378,1929,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7C8E08E189DA50C8" authority="Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975" authorityName="Coomans &amp; Nair" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,649,1965,1990]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Syncheilaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7C8E08E18A2250CB" box="[151,369,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Syncheilaxonchium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBB0F8921614C3B7D6308E289DA50C8" author="Coomans" box="[378,649,1965,1990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refString="Coomans, A. &amp; Nair, P. (1975) The genus Axonchium (Nematoda: Belondiridae). VI. Atypical species, keys, subgenera and conclusions. Nematologica, 21, 296 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00059" type="journal article" year="1975">Coomans &amp; Nair, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but it can easily separated from all of them in the presence of well developed
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7D0F089E897F50E7" box="[278,556,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">pars refringens vaginae</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7E5B089E890A50E7" box="[578,601,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">vs</emphasis>
totally absent). Besides, it differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB21614C3B7825089D8E4950E7" box="[1084,1306,2001,2025]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dactyluraxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A21614C3B7825089D8E4950E7" box="[1084,1306,2001,2025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Dactyluraxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in vaginal morphology (
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A216E4C347D2A0FD58A1957BE" box="[307,330,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="509">vs</emphasis>
lumen first very wide and elliptical) and caudal region (
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A216E4C347FC50FD588A057BE" box="[988,1011,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="509">vs</emphasis>
conical subdigitate, distinctly longer than anal body diameter); and from
<taxonomicName id="4C2A09FB216E4C347E530FF0887757DA" box="[586,804,188,212]" class="Adenophorea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Syncheilaxonchium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="8" pageNumber="509" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A216E4C347E530FF0887757DA" box="[586,804,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="509">Syncheilaxonchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the morphology of lip region (
<emphasis id="B95EAE6A216E4C3478D90FF18F8457DA" box="[1216,1239,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="509">vs</emphasis>
non-offset, with amalgamated lips).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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