460 lines
75 KiB
XML
460 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="BF93407C637C8EAEA781C3FAA94A0505" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.199410" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae92ff54-62fc-4ef3-a700-aa09601583c9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="199410" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460335772274" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Grischenko, Andrei V., Seo, Ji Eun & Min, Bum Sik" docDate="2010" docId="0382CD79FF83FFE4FF4BB450CC87FCE1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02684p035.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2684" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Flustrellidra armata Grischenko, Seo & Min, 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFBBB501FF81FFE3FFDCB125C865FFB3" masterDocTitle="Flustrellidra armata (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida) — a new species from the southern shoreline of Korea" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698259761517" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="96957366F1E956EFE8DEB26C261FFCB9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D4287923324FC46178D17B693195FBEF">
|
||
<mods:title id="9185E6EC902233153AEF922C72E6BC9A">Flustrellidra armata (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida) — a new species from the southern shoreline of Korea</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="E7D96582E08433E6EF5F012F7983EE20" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="C36E18F2CEBF726BA22762FDD49D482E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EF4D054482F5AF9997BE1DD94BA4258C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4A3FD8F2D058032F9B61C626B1D19924">Grischenko, Andrei V.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="97410E30BBA9F85BE8E057BF45EE35C3" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="C4C8A454D5DB842AA8E10ABCAEFC8F5B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D774CAFDBA0546B71BCEE4496D72D2BE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="DDFBB8BDF915022B1CF2C88C082CAF1E">Seo, Ji Eun</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="757C8F62E0E6B4F79C6FBEC2534232D0" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6E85A029D7A84EEC0C1A4D0DEE682B0A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="14679A7377BE8B1180654DA47F8B0CB9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="71BA2FC73382125473E2634F3DC46A8D">Min, Bum Sik</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="AE28803B0B99AD82B1053F7117E482DF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="4AD13291CDBAF721E3353FF921267E16" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="93EB739B651CB00BB555880DF5D08CA9">
|
||
<mods:title id="177838B700EA93F731499A3F78C731E1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="5228097538744D49492BA799A273AF00">
|
||
<mods:date id="0CBC44BFDFFAF1CC102A3AE31860B069">2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="15984E0BF440443E2E57A3D7EC8014F2" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="1B414F72DE5ED0C487CB8A3B320DE57E">2684</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="6DFC45B55465DCB7E4EA5D0E0D52597C" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="57D4DB8C46CD0C63A6B9E63782EA12FF">25</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="8BB131CB9DDE93963786277392429374">35</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="E54B122D0564C030F554C96A165D483A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="552032DDA87DB002C8CCD21B7F2E749A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.199410</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5CBE210D8A440DB278A90C1EB514ACEA" type="GBIF-Dataset">ae92ff54-62fc-4ef3-a700-aa09601583c9</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F10021291BA2C2780ED984655F308CCC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F112D37CC99FA4D851D4C86654BCD0E1" type="Zenodo-Dep">199410</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="0382CD79FF83FFE4FF4BB450CC87FCE1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5688851" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119405308" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5688851" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0382CD79FF83FFE4FF4BB450CC87FCE1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0382CD79FF83FFE4FF4BB450CC87FCE1" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF83FFE1FF4BB450C975FA01" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF83FFE1FF4BB450C997FA3C" blockId="2.[151,498,1397,1458]" box="[151,498,1397,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="D0DCCB03FF83FFE1FF4BB450C997FA3C" bold="true" box="[151,498,1397,1423]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FF4BB450C997FA3C" bold="true" box="[151,498,1397,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF83FFE1FF4BB450C9E8FA3C" box="[151,397,1397,1423]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FF4BB450C9E8FA3C" bold="true" box="[151,397,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Flustrellidra armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C1D06FF83FFE1FE48B450C997FA3C" box="[404,498,1397,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF83FFE1FF4BB4BDC975FA01" blockId="2.[151,498,1397,1458]" box="[151,272,1432,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF83FFE1FF43B4BDC96DFA01" box="[159,264,1432,1458]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,256,1971,1995]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1429,1319,1931]" captionTargetBox-1="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetBox-2="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,1304,1950]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Colony morphology of Flustrellidra armata n. sp. A, holotype colony, NIBRIV 0000100504. B, paratype colony, NIBRIV 0000100505. Scale-bars: 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199412/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF83FFE1FF4BB4C7CA96F96E" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF83FFE1FF4BB4C7CA96F96E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1506,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FF4BB4C7C972FA4F" bold="true" box="[151,279,1506,1532]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Colony erect, branching, bilamellar, arising from an encrusting, unilaminar basal portion, the erect flabellate lobes undulating along their margins, which are lined by kenozooids with conical spines. Autozooids elongate, arranged alternately, with subterminal transversely oval bilabiate orifice; interspersed with small kenozooids with simple, pointed spines, 1–6 along each lateral margin. Mature zooids with one to three similar kenozooids separating maternal and daughter zooids. Large, vicarious kenozooids with long spines scattered throughout colony, their spines tubular, weakly branched. Encrusting basal portion composed of spineless, inflated kenozooids of irregular shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF83FFE0FF19B7CDC922FD94" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF83FFE1FF19B7CDC9E2F8FE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1506,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FF19B7CDC91AF8B1" bold="true" box="[197,383,1768,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5490C2CDFF83FFE1FF19B7CDC967F8B1" box="[197,258,1768,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="5490C2CDFF83FFE1FE55B7CCC99DF8B1" box="[393,504,1769,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FE55B7CCC99DF8B1" box="[393,504,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
: NIBRIV0000100504, one intact colony, collected
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF83FFE1FBB1B7CDCD54F8B1" box="[1133,1329,1768,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1996-08-30">30 August 1996</date>
|
||
at rocky shore of Mijo by J. E. Seo, H. J. Kil and J. H. Yoo.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5490C2CDFF83FFE1FD23B62BCB0EF894" box="[767,875,1806,1831]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FD23B62BCB0EF894" box="[767,875,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Paratype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
: NIBRIV0000100505, one intact colony, same data as for
|
||
<typeStatus id="5490C2CDFF83FFE1FEC4B616C9E6F8FE" box="[280,387,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF83FFE0FF19B67DC922FD94" blockId="2.[151,1437,1506,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,1260]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF83FFE1FF19B67DCA2DF8C1" bold="true" box="[197,584,1880,1906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
One specimen, intertidal, Mipo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF83FFE1FC08B67DCCDFF8C1" box="[980,1210,1880,1906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1976-12-23">23 December 1976</date>
|
||
, collected by J. W. Lee. One specimen, intertidal, Mipo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF83FFE1FD82B65BCB22F82B" box="[606,839,1918,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1981-12-10">10 December 1981</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo. One specimen, intertidal, Samcheonpo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF83FFE1FE99B686CA52F80E" box="[325,567,1955,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1984-09-23">23 September 1984</date>
|
||
, collected by B. J. Rho, J. H. Park, S.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C3CFFFF83FFE1FBCBB686CC37F80E" box="[1047,1106,1955,1981]" name="Morocco" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Shin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and J. E. Seo. Twenty-six specimens, intertidal, Mokdo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF83FFE1FDDEB6EDCAA7F851" box="[514,706,1992,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1995-08-11">11 August 1995</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo. Three specimens, intertidal, Mijo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF83FFE0FAA2B6EDC951FF01" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" value="1996-08-30">30 August 1996</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo, H. J. Kil and J. H. Yoo. Four specimens, intertidal, Sangju,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FAFCB1BDC8B3FF64" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="1996-08-30">30 August 1996</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo, J. H. Yoo, and H. J. Kil. Two specimens, intertidal, Cheokdo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FB2EB198CDF2FF64" box="[1266,1431,189,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="1999-06-13">13 June 1999</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo. Twenty-two specimens, intertidal, Daechilgido,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FC38B1C7CCE3FF4F" box="[996,1158,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="1999-06-13">13 June 1999</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo. Thirty-three specimens, intertidal, Jangji,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FD5BB02DCB2DFE91" box="[647,840,264,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2000-08-18">18 August 2000</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo, S. J. Seo, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C3CFFFF82FFE0FAD1B02DCD47FE91" box="[1293,1314,264,290]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
. H. Gong. One specimen, intertidal, Seosang,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FD9AB008CB41FEF4" box="[582,804,301,327]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2002-11-03">3 November 2002</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo. Three specimens, intertidal, Songgo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FF23B077C9D8FEDF" box="[255,445,338,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2000-08-18">18 August 2000</date>
|
||
, collected by J. E. Seo, S. J. Seo, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C3CFFFF82FFE0FCA7B077CBF5FEDF" box="[891,912,338,364]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
. H. Gong. Three specimens, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FAF1B077CDFDFEDF" box="[1325,1432,338,364]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
|
||
, rocky bottom, Jisimdo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FE6AB05DCAE0FE21" box="[438,645,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2007-10-17">17 October 2007</date>
|
||
, collected by B. S. Min using
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3AE4AAFF82FFE0FC29B05DCC38FE21" box="[1013,1117,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">SCUBA</collectionCode>
|
||
. Seventy-three specimens, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FF3EB0B8C92AFE04" box="[226,335,413,439]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
|
||
, rocky bottom, Naedo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FDB7B0B8CB5CFE04" box="[619,825,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2007-10-17">17 October 2007</date>
|
||
, collected by B. S. Min using
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3AE4AAFF82FFE0FB75B0B8CD75FE04" box="[1193,1296,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">SCUBA</collectionCode>
|
||
. Fifty-three specimens, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FEACB0E7C9BBFE6F" box="[368,478,450,476]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
|
||
, rocky bottom, Oedo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FD33B0E7CBDBFE6F" box="[751,958,450,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2007-10-17">17 October 2007</date>
|
||
, collected by B. S. Min using
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3AE4AAFF82FFE0FAEDB0E7CDFCFE6F" box="[1329,1433,450,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">SCUBA</collectionCode>
|
||
. Seventy-five specimens, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FDC8B0CDCA30FDB1" box="[532,597,488,514]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
, rocky bottom, Namyeodo,
|
||
<date id="FF955AAFFF82FFE0FC76B0CDCC1EFDB1" box="[938,1147,488,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2007-10-19">19 October 2007</date>
|
||
, collected by B. S. Min using
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3AE4AAFF82FFE0FF02B328C921FD94" box="[222,324,525,551]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">SCUBA</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF82FFE0FF19B317CA81FDC1" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF82FFE0FF19B317CA81FDC1" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF82FFE0FF19B317C936FDFF" bold="true" box="[197,339,562,588]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name derives from the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF82FFE0FC90B317CBCBFDF8" box="[844,942,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">armatus</emphasis>
|
||
(protected), referring to the armament of colony provided by numerous kenozooidal spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF82FFE5FF19B358CC04FBCF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF82FFE0FF19B358CC0DFC71" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF82FFE0FF19B358C93BFD24" bold="true" box="[197,350,637,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colony erect, branching, flexible, with numerous strap-shaped to flabellate lobes, rounded and undulate at growing margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF82FFE0FDEFB387CA1FFD0F" box="[563,634,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,256,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[168,1429,1319,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1304,1950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Colony morphology of Flustrellidra armata n. sp. A, holotype colony, NIBRIV 0000100504. B, paratype colony, NIBRIV 0000100505. Scale-bars: 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199412/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B); up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FCCFB387CB11FD0F" box="[787,884,674,700]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="12.5">12.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in height, but usually
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FB5FB387CD69FD0F" box="[1155,1292,674,700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="7.5" valueMax="8.5" valueMin="6.5">6.5–8.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
; attached to substratum by encrusting, unilaminar basal plate, up to 1.4 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FCB7B3EDCBD9FD51" box="[875,956,712,738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="2.2">2.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in size. Up to 7 closely appressed stalks arranged in parallel planes can arise from single basal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF82FFE0FC48B3C8CB84FCB4" box="[916,993,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,256,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[168,1429,1319,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1304,1950]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Colony morphology of Flustrellidra armata n. sp. A, holotype colony, NIBRIV 0000100504. B, paratype colony, NIBRIV 0000100505. Scale-bars: 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199412/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Branches of independent trunks mutually interlaced, giving bushy appearance to colony. Young colonies are yellowish, grayish, or pale brown, with whitish zone comprising 3–5 generations of developing zooids on periphery of terminal branches. Mature colonies brownish to flesh-coloured, with dark-brown to reddish fringing zone of marginal kenozooids along entire periphery, except for stalk. Branches slender,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FC27B2A7CC0AFC2F" box="[1019,1135,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="5.0">5–17 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF82FFE0FB1FB2A7CD32FC2F" box="[1219,1367,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick (without spines). Lobes bilamellar without interposed medullary kenozooidal layer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF82FFE0FF19B2E8CBD7FB5F" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Zooids oval to rounded-rectangular, elongate, arranged alternately in distinct series. Grooves distinct between young zooids, when not occupied by kenozooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF82FFE0FC5EB2D7CBAAFBBF" box="[898,975,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Frontal surface smooth, inflated, semitransparent, yellowish to brownish, chitinous. Orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF82FFE0FC50B53DCBBFFB81" box="[908,986,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B) subterminal, raised, transversely elongate, bilabiate, roughly oval to rectangular in outline, with thickened, chitinous proximal labium, brown in color. Along each lateral zooidal margin are small kenozooids with circular to oval base and a sharp simple spine directed upwards or slightly tilted toward zooid. Young zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF82FFE0FC36B5ADCC56FB11" box="[1002,1075,1160,1186]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B) have 1–2 pairs of distal kenozooids, each with a sharp spine pointing upwards, flanking orifice; 1–3 similar kenozooids successively developing more proximally along each lateral margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF82FFE0FCF8B5F7CB0FFB5F" box="[804,874,1234,1260]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF542CE7FF82FFE0FF4BB696CAF7F858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199412/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[168,1429,1319,1931]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF82FFE0FF4BB696CAF7F858" blockId="3.[151,1436,1971,2027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF82FFE0FF4BB696C97EF878" bold="true" box="[151,283,1971,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Colony morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF82FFE0FDFFB691CB67F878" box="[547,770,1972,1995]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF82FFE0FDFFB691CB67F878" box="[547,770,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Flustrellidra armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C1D06FF82FFE0FCD6B696CB22F878" box="[778,839,1971,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF82FFE0FCD6B696CB22F878" bold="true" box="[778,839,1971,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A, holotype colony, NIBRIV0000100504. B, paratype colony, NIBRIV0000100505. Scale-bars: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF542CE7FF85FFE7FF4BB712CAF0F85D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF85FFE7FF4BB712CAF0F85D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1591,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF85FFE7FF4BB712C97CF9FC" bold="true" box="[151,281,1591,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF85FFE7FEFDB712C999F9FD" box="[289,508,1591,1614]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF85FFE7FEFDB712C999F9FD" box="[289,508,1591,1614]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Flustrellidra armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C1D06FF85FFE7FDDFB712CA25F9FC" box="[515,576,1591,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF85FFE7FDDFB712CA25F9FC" bold="true" box="[515,576,1591,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
NIBRIV0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B–D, 0.5 mm. E–G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF542CE7FF84FFE6FF4BB791C92DF858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF84FFE6FF4BB791C92DF858" blockId="5.[151,1437,1716,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF84FFE6FF4BB791C979F97F" bold="true" box="[151,284,1716,1740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF84FFE6FEFFB791CA67F978" box="[291,514,1716,1739]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF84FFE6FEFFB791CA67F978" box="[291,514,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Flustrellidra armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C1D06FF84FFE6FDD5B791CA04F97F" box="[521,609,1716,1740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF84FFE6FDD5B791CA04F97F" bold="true" box="[521,609,1716,1740]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
NIBRIV0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF87FFE5FF1AB1BDCD31FCE1" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Zooids in mature colony regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FD8AB1BDCAFBFF01" box="[598,670,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F) interspersed with single or double series of 4–6 kenozooids each, with parallel or alternating arrangement and with pointed, straight or slightly tilted spines; in addition, there are 1–3 small kenozooids, each with a minute, slightly curved spine, between maternal and daughter zooids. Thus, old zooids can be entirely surrounded by small kenozooids. With age and increasing chitinization, all kenozooidal spines acquire a dark-brown color that contrasts with the zooidal surface. Large vicarious kenozooids scattered throughout colony, these oval, hexagonal, or rhombic in shape with strongly convex frontal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FE72B05DC991FE21" box="[430,500,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B); occasionally arranged as compact groups in limited areas on colony surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FF43B0B8C881FE04" box="[159,228,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). A hollow, tubular spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FDEBB0B8CA1EFE04" box="[567,635,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C, F, G), dark brown in color, sharply contrasting with brownish colony surface, originates from center of each vicarious kenozooid. Spines straight to slightly curved in middle, orientated vertically or tilted slightly distally or distolaterally. Majority of spines weakly branching terminally into 2–5 short spurs, without secondary branches; some lack distinct ramifications and have a slightly pointed or blunt tip. Most spines gradually taper from base to tip, but some are enlarged in middle and appear spindle-shaped; others are entirely elongate-cylindrical. Occasionally, a spine narrows moderately in middle and is secondary enlarged near tip, at point of ramification. Bases of large kenozooids flanked by 2–5 minute kenozooids along each lateral margin, each with short, pointed spine directed laterally and upwards. Marginal kenozooids very irregular in shape and size, arranged along entire lateral and terminal margins of branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FED3B3C8C936FCB4" box="[271,339,749,775]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F). At terminal end of growing branches, kenozooids fringe the zone of developing zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FF43B237C880FC9F" box="[159,229,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Along margins, kenozooids of opposite layers develop complementarily, side by side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FB23B237CD21FC9F" box="[1279,1348,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[259,1315,194,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[259,1316,194,1561]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Flustrellidra armata n. sp. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, distal view of terminal end of branch showing zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and a compact group of closely arranged vicarious kenozooids with long, stout tubular spines, pointed or weakly ramified at tips; B, frontal view of terminal end of branch with deep zone of developing zooids, marginal kenozooids, and two vicarious kenozooids with a long tubular spine having a blunt or forked tip; C, distal view of terminal end of branch, showing spinous marginal kenozooids and tubular kenozooidal spines in the opposite layers; D, close-up of marginal kenozooids with conical spines directed forward at various angles, fringing the zone of developing zooids; E, lateral margin of branch showing one or two distolateral pairs of spiny kenozooids between immature zooids; also evident are marginal kenozooids with pointed, conical spines; F, region of mature zooids near lateral margin of branch, showing zooids separated by two series of small spiny kenozooids; marginal kenozooids with pointed spines; and a vicarious kenozooid with a long, tubular spine, weakly bifurcate at tip; G, highermagnification view of vicarious kenozooid in F, which bears a tubular spine with slightly forked tip and is surrounded by minute kenozooids with short, laterally directed spines; H, base of vicarious kenozooidal spine, flanked proximolaterally by minute spinous kenozooids arising from the two lateral autozooids (each indicated by the large orifice). Scale-bars: A, 1 mm; B – D, 0.5 mm. E – G, 0.2 mm; H, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199413/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D), and partly overlap each other; each has a conical spine with pointed tip, oriented 20–80° from frontal plane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF87FFE5FF19B278CB36FC71" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Encrusting basal plate and stalk of colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131060EAFF87FFE5FD19B278CB6FFCC4" box="[709,778,861,887]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,256,1716,1740]" captionTargetBox="[218,1365,194,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[218,1366,194,1680]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. NIBRIV 0000100504. A, immature zooids from region near colony margin, interspersed with distolateral kenozooids flanking orifice, with long pointed spines tilted forward; B, immature zooids intercalated with one to three pairs of distal and lateral kenozooids with sharp, elongate spines; C, zooids separated by series of lateral oval kenozooids, some twinned, with sharp spines slightly tilted over frontal surface; D, zooids separated by three to four pairs of lateral kenozooids with sharp spines, with occasional minute, spiny kenozooids proximally; E, mature zooids separated laterally by double series of small kenozooids with sharp spines slightly curved over frontal surface; F, zooids from old colony region, separated laterally and proximally by single to double series of minute kenozooids with short, pointed spines; G, general view of basal plate and stalk of colony, composed entirely of kenozooids of irregular shape; H, close-up of kenozooids from encrusting basal plate. Scale-bars: A, D, G, 0.5 mm; B, C, E, F, H, 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199414/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H) composed entirely of inflated kenozooids that are hexagonal, oval, roughly quadrangular, or irregular in shape, with distinct raised boundaries, not intercalated with small, spinous kenozooids. Polypide with 18 tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF87FFE5FF19B2E8CC04FBCF" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FF19B2E8C9E1FC54" bold="true" box="[197,388,973,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
ZL, 0.62–1.03 (0.81 ± 0.09). ZW, 0.32–0.51 (0.39 ± 0.05). OrL, 0.14–0.23 (0.18 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.27–0.35 (0.31 ± 0.02). Kz(s)L, 0.05–0.20 (0.12 ± 0.04). Kz(s)W, 0.04–0.15 (0.09 ± 0.03). Kz(l)L, 0.45–0.83 (0.64 ± 0.12). Kz(l)W, 0.35–0.58 (0.45 ± 0.06). Kz(m)L, 0.22–0.43 (0.31 ± 0.07). Kz(m)W, 0.18– 0.35 (0.27 ± 0.06). Kz(bp)L, 0.37–0.63 (0.51 ± 0.07). Kz(bp)W, 0.26–0.43 (0.33 ± 0.05). Kzs(s)L, 0.13–0.42 (0.25 ± 0.09). Kzs(l)L, 0.67–1.62 (1.19 ± 0.27). Kzs(m)L, 0.30–0.97 (0.53 ± 0.19).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF87FFE4FF19B5A2CC0BFD0F" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF87FFE5FF19B5A2C900F934" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FF19B5A2C924FB12" bold="true" box="[197,321,1159,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FE96B5ADCA21FB12" box="[330,580,1160,1185]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FE96B5ADCA21FB12" box="[330,580,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Flustrellidra armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most resembles its Japanese congener
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FBFEB5ADCD19FB11" authority="Okada, 1921" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1921" box="[1058,1404,1160,1186]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FBFEB5ADCCA0FB12" box="[1058,1221,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. stolonifera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA019EFF87FFE5FB09B5ADCD16FB11" author="Okada" box="[1237,1395,1160,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" refString="Okada, Y. (1921) Notes of some Japanese chilostomatous Bryozoa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 10 (3): 19 - 32." type="journal article" year="1921">Okada, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a similar erect, branching, strap-shaped colony form; zooids interspersed by small lateral kenozooids with sharp, simple spines; and very large vicarious kenozooids bearing tubular branching spines. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FA5AB5F6C88BFAA2" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FA5AB5F6C88BFAA2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the latter in the following combination of characters: (1) the number of minute, spiny kenozooids separating neighboring zooids along the lateral margins successively increases in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FB31B438CD39FA85" box="[1261,1372,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
with age from one or two to five or six, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FD4FB466CB4AFAEF" box="[659,815,1347,1372]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FD4FB466CB4AFAEF" box="[659,815,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. stolonifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only one pair of angular kenozooids flanking the orifice, and rarely one additional pair proximolaterally; (2) the double series of kenozooids between zooids in mature regions of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FE41B4A8CA68FA15" box="[413,525,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
colony is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FCDCB4A8CBF8FA15" box="[768,925,1421,1446]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FCDCB4A8CBF8FA15" box="[768,925,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. stolonifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (3) the proximal kenozooids that separate maternal and daughter zooids of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FDC1B496CAE8FA7F" box="[541,653,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
have not been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FC13B496CC09FA7F" box="[975,1132,1459,1484]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FC13B496CC09FA7F" box="[975,1132,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. stolonifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (4) branch margins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FA5AB496C88BFA42" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FA5AB496C88BFA42" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fringed along their whole length with marginal kenozooids having a conical spines, while the margins are edged with spineless zooids in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FD4AB4D8CB57F9A5" box="[662,818,1533,1558]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FD4AB4D8CB57F9A5" box="[662,818,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. stolonifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (5) spines of the vicarious kenozooids of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FAF6B4D8CDFDF9A5" box="[1322,1432,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
are scarcely branched and only at the very tip, without secondary ramification, whereas the homologous spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FED4B76DC9C3F9D2" box="[264,422,1608,1633]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FED4B76DC9C3F9D2" box="[264,422,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. stolonifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are divided into two to six tine-like branches (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA019EFF87FFE5FBD9B76DCCFDF9D1" author="Okada" box="[1029,1176,1608,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" refString="Okada, Y. (1921) Notes of some Japanese chilostomatous Bryozoa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 10 (3): 19 - 32." type="journal article" year="1921">Okada 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA019EFF87FFE5FAF7B76DC8B1F934" author="Mawatari" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" refString="Mawatari, S. (1953) Studies on Japanese Ctenostomatous Bryozoa, I. On some species of Carnosa. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 3, 213 - 220." type="journal article" year="1953">Mawatari 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF87FFE5FF1AB7B7CBAAF83F" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
An eastern-Pacific species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FDCCB7B6CAF6F91F" box="[528,659,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. s p i n i f e r a</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA019EFF87FFE5FD74B7B7CC31F91F" author="O'Donoghue" box="[680,1108,1682,1708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" refString="O'Donoghue, C. H. & O'Donoghue, E. (1923) A preliminary list of Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from the Vancouver Island region. Contributions to Canadian Biology, n. s, 1, 145 - 201, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1923">O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), also forms erect colonies, having strap-shaped bilamellar lobes and large kenozooids with long, sparsely branched spines (
|
||
<typeStatus id="5490C2CDFF87FFE5FAECB79DCDF9F961" box="[1328,1436,1720,1746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen illustrated by d’Hondt 1983, pls 1, 2), some of which are superficially similar to those in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FAFFB7F8CDF4F945" box="[1315,1425,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
. However, the spine branches are always longer and the ramification is deeper than in the vicarious kenozooidal spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FE77B60DCA4DF8F2" box="[427,552,1832,1858]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FE77B60DC9DEF8F2" box="[427,443,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FE10B60DCA4DF8F2" box="[460,552,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition, all kenozooids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF87FFE5FC7AB60DCC57F8F2" box="[934,1074,1832,1857]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="spinifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FC7AB60DCC57F8F2" box="[934,1074,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. spinifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are of the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="5490C2CDFF87FFE5FB23B60DCD52F8F1" box="[1279,1335,1832,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, located distally to each zooid, whereas in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FDF7B668CAFCF8D5" box="[555,665,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
large vicarious kenozooids are scattered over the colony surface and small, circular kenozooids with a simple spine are always present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF87FFE4FF19B6B2CCE3FEDF" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,850]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FF19B6B2C94BF802" bold="true" box="[197,302,1943,1969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The majority of colonies of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF87FFE5FDA6B6BDCA82F802" box="[634,743,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
collected intertidally support a diverse association of other sessile benthic forms. Most colonies observed were covered with hydroids, sponges, tubes of sabellid polychaetes, barnacles, ascidians, brachiopods, green and red algae (including articulate coralline algae), and other bryozoans, including species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FDB1B198CB6CFF65" box="[621,777,189,214]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Lichenopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FDB1B198CB6CFF65" box="[621,777,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Lichenopora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FCC6B198CBD0FF65" box="[794,949,189,214]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Alcyonidiidae" genus="Alcyonidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FCC6B198CBD0FF65" box="[794,949,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Alcyonidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FC1AB198CC1EFF65" box="[966,1147,189,214]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Calloporidae" genus="Cauloramphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FC1AB198CC1EFF65" box="[966,1147,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Cauloramphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FB50B198CD67FF65" box="[1164,1282,189,214]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Cribrilinidae" genus="Figularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FB50B198CD67FF65" box="[1164,1282,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Figularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FACEB198CDF0FF65" box="[1298,1429,189,214]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Hippothoidae" genus="Hippothoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FACEB198CDF0FF65" box="[1298,1429,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Hippothoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FF4BB1C7C957FF48" box="[151,306,226,251]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Watersiporidae" genus="Watersipora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FF4BB1C7C957FF48" box="[151,306,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Watersipora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FE9AB1C7C98FFF48" box="[326,490,226,251]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Microporellidae" genus="Fenestrulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FE9AB1C7C98FFF48" box="[326,490,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Fenestrulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FE20B1C7CAC0FF48" box="[508,677,226,251]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Microporellidae" genus="Microporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FE20B1C7CAC0FF48" box="[508,677,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Microporella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FD6AB1C7CB07FF48" box="[694,866,226,251]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Pacificincolidae" genus="Pacificincola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FD6AB1C7CB07FF48" box="[694,866,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Pacificincola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FCA8B1C7CC7FFF48" box="[884,1050,226,251]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FCA8B1C7CC7FFF48" box="[884,1050,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Celleporaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FBBFB1C7CC99FF48" box="[1123,1276,226,251]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Celleporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FBBFB1C7CC99FF48" box="[1123,1276,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Celleporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among the bryozoans, colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FE76B02DCA27FE92" box="[426,578,264,289]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FE76B02DCA27FE92" box="[426,578,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Celleporaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the most frequent and abundant, forming thick nodules around the branch stems of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FEB7B008C987FEF5" box="[363,482,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
. Occasionally, errant polychaetes, pycnogonids, and the shells of juvenile gastropods and oysters were noticed between the appressed branch trunks of colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF86FFE4FF19B05DCC0BFD0F" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
We observed in the field that populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FD02B05DCB2BFE22" box="[734,846,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
are patchy in the upper subtidal zone but have a high of coverage of substrata on rocky bottoms at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF86FFE4FCAEB0B8CBB9FE04" box="[882,988,413,439]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 m</quantity>
|
||
at some sites. These deeper colonies likewise provide a habitat for a variety of subtidal benthic organisms. We saw dozens of caprellid and other amphipod crustaceans associated with colonies of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FD31B0CDCB39FDB2" box="[749,860,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
. The majority of colonies were densely covered by hydroids, green and red algae (both encrusting and articulate coralline algae), sponges, barnacles, tubes of sabellid polychaetes, and other bryozoans, including species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FC51B317CBB2FDF8" box="[909,983,562,587]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Crisiidae" genus="Crisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FC51B317CBB2FDF8" box="[909,983,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Crisia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FC3AB317CC18FDF8" box="[998,1149,562,587]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Lichenoporidae" genus="Lichenopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FC3AB317CC18FDF8" box="[998,1149,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Lichenopora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FB51B317CD47FDF8" box="[1165,1314,562,587]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Alcyonidiidae" genus="Alcyonidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FB51B317CD47FDF8" box="[1165,1314,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Alcyonidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FAEEB317CDF0FDF8" box="[1330,1429,562,587]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Cellariidae" genus="Cellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FAEEB317CDF0FDF8" box="[1330,1429,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Cellaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FF4BB37DC889FDC2" box="[151,236,600,625]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Beaniidae" genus="Beania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FF4BB37DC889FDC2" box="[151,236,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Beania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FF20B37DC9EDFDC2" box="[252,392,600,625]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Catenicellidae" genus="Catenicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FF20B37DC9EDFDC2" box="[252,392,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Catenicella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FE44B37DCA49FDC2" box="[408,556,600,625]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Exochellidae" genus="Escharoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FE44B37DCA49FDC2" box="[408,556,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Escharoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FDE1B37DCABAFDC2" box="[573,735,600,625]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Pacificincolidae" genus="Pacificincola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FDE1B37DCABAFDC2" box="[573,735,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Pacificincola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FD33B37DCBEEFDC2" box="[751,907,600,625]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lepraliellidae" genus="Celleporaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FD33B37DCBEEFDC2" box="[751,907,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Celleporaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FC0CB37DCC04FDC2" box="[976,1121,600,625]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Celleporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FC0CB37DCC04FDC2" box="[976,1121,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Celleporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In some cases, we found juvenile mytilids, oysters, decapods, errant polychaetes, and pycnogonids between branches of of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FAF5B358CDFDFD25" box="[1321,1432,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
colonies, and groups of small scleractinians attached to the basal region of colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3312FE4FF86FFE4FF19B3E2CC87FCE1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B947C6FFF86FFE4FF19B3E2CC87FCE1" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FF19B3E2C903FD52" bold="true" box="[197,358,711,737]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B07ECFF86FFE4FEB1B3EDCA05FD52" box="[365,608,712,737]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FEB1B3EDCA05FD52" box="[365,608,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Flustrellidra armata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently known along more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CD3D18AFF86FFE4FBC9B3EDCC0AFD51" box="[1045,1135,712,738]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
|
||
of the southern shoreline of the Korean Peninsula, facing the western passage of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C3CFFFF86FFE4FC96B3C8CBF7FCB4" box="[842,914,749,775]" name="South Korea" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
Strait, between Mipo (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F1AA8FF86FFE4FB43B3C8CD6BFCB4" box="[1183,1294,749,775]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" precision="925" value="35.6">35°36’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F1AA8FF86FFE4FAC6B3C8CDF6FCB4" box="[1306,1427,749,775]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" precision="925" value="129.45">129°27’ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in the northeast and Mokdo (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F1AA8FF86FFE4FDD2B237CAEFFC9F" box="[526,650,786,812]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" precision="925" value="34.166668">34°10’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F1AA8FF86FFE4FD44B237CB78FC9F" box="[664,797,786,812]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" precision="925" value="126.566666">126°34’ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in the southwest. Accordingly,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FA07DFF86FFE4FB18B237CD59FC98" box="[1220,1340,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">F. a r m a t a</emphasis>
|
||
can be categorized as a Pacific-Asian, low-Boreal to Subtropical, intertidal to upper-subtidal species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |