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<mods:title id="87C1202CF1141AB198F901370E5378E1">Taxonomy and phylogeny of Koinocystididae (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia) with the description of three new genera and twelve new species</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B5598FFCBFF9705DFB81D7BF2FCA4" ID-CoL="3QDH3" authority="Marcus, 1949" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,498,835,862]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Koinocystididae" genus="Itaipusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="divae">
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<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9705DFB81D7B42FCA7" bold="true" box="[151,322,835,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Itaipusa divae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA53EAFFCBFF970401B81D7BF2FCA4" author="Marcus, E." box="[329,498,835,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="7 - 155" refId="ref38567" refString="Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo Zoologia, 7 (14), 7 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1949.129106" type="journal article" year="1949">Marcus, 1949</bibRefCitation>
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(
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)
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<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9705DFB8F17B89FC30" bold="true" box="[151,393,943,969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Known distribution.</emphasis>
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de Santos (
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Locality) and Pitangueiras, São Sebastião, 
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(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA53EAFFCBFF9701ACB8EE7F76FC30" author="Marcus, E." box="[1252,1398,943,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="7 - 155" refId="ref38567" refString="Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo Zoologia, 7 (14), 7 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1949.129106" type="journal article" year="1949">Marcus 1949</bibRefCitation>
for details). Three localities in Galapagos Islands and several in 
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(see 
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Reygel 
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF970165B88A7E65FC14" box="[1069,1125,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">et al.</emphasis>
2011
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for details).
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<subSubSection id="C3317D90FFCBFF97058FB8A979C0FA80" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B942E1BFFCBFF97058FB8A979C0FA80" blockId="5.[151,1437,943,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF97058FB8A97802FBE8" bold="true" box="[199,514,1015,1041]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">New records and material.</emphasis>
Observations on live specimens. Three whole mounts from Siboney (
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF970043B8A97F98FBEB" box="[1291,1432,1015,1042]" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="34" value="19.959446">19°57’34”N</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF9705DFBF457B2AFBCF" box="[151,298,1051,1078]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="07" value="-75.70194">75°42’07”W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<collectingRegion id="49EFE0F9FFCBFF970409BF45780FFBCC" box="[321,527,1051,1077]" country="Cuba" name="Santiago de Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Santiago de Cuba</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF970755BF457858FBCC" box="[541,600,1051,1077]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cuba</collectingCountry>
(February 7 &amp; 
<date id="FF9508DBFFCBFF970659BF4279B7FBCC" box="[785,951,1051,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2016-05-15">May 15, 2016</date>
; 
<date id="FF9508DBFFCBFF97068BBF457E61FBCC" box="[963,1121,1051,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2017-04-04">April 4, 2017</date>
) (HU 
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF9701E6BF457EE0FBCC" box="[1198,1248,1051,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">XIII</collectionCode>
.2.42– 
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF97006CBF457F56FBCC" box="[1316,1366,1051,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">XIII</collectionCode>
.2.44), intertidal up to 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF970401BF617B89FBA3" box="[329,393,1087,1114]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="m" value="0.6">0.6 m</quantity>
deep, fine-grained sand, salinity 32–35 ‰. One whole mount from La Mula (
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF970042BF617F97FBA3" box="[1290,1431,1087,1114]" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="44" value="19.945555">19°56’44”N</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF9705DFBF3D7B2AFB87" box="[151,298,1123,1150]" degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-76.75528">76°45’19”W</geoCoordinate>
), Guamá, 
<collectingRegion id="49EFE0F9FFCBFF9704D4BF3D7863FB84" box="[412,611,1123,1149]" country="Cuba" name="Santiago de Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Santiago de Cuba</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF970725BF3D78A8FB84" box="[621,680,1123,1149]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cuba</collectingCountry>
(
<date id="FF9508DBFFCBFF9707FFBF3D7955FB87" box="[695,853,1123,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2016-06-29">June 29, 2016</date>
) (HU 
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF9706D3BF3D79CEFB87" box="[923,974,1123,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">XIII</collectionCode>
.2.45), intertidal rocky pools, on the algae 
<taxonomicName id="4C2B5598FFCBFF9705DFBFD67B51FB58" box="[151,337,1159,1185]" class="Aves" genus="Digenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9705DFBFD67B51FB58" box="[151,337,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Digenia simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2B5598FFCBFF9704C4BFD978CFFB58" authorityName="W.R.Taylor" authorityYear="1928" box="[396,719,1159,1185]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Siphonocladaceae" genus="Cladophoropsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cladophorales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="macromeres">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9704C4BFD978CFFB58" box="[396,719,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cladophoropsis macromeres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, salinity 33 ‰. One whole mount from Macabí (
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF970043BFD97F98FB5B" box="[1291,1432,1159,1186]" degrees="20" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="13" value="20.90361">20°54’13”N</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF9705DFBFF57B2AFB3F" box="[151,298,1195,1222]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-75.727776">75°43’40”W</geoCoordinate>
), Banes, 
<collectingRegion id="49EFE0F9FFCBFF9704C6BFF57BEDFB3C" box="[398,493,1195,1221]" country="Cuba" name="Holguin" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Holguín</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF9704BFBFF57832FB3C" box="[503,562,1195,1221]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cuba</collectingCountry>
(
<date id="FF9508DBFFCBFF970777BFF578E5FB3C" box="[575,741,1195,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2017-04-23">April 23, 2017</date>
) (HU 
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF970661BFF5795BFB3C" box="[809,859,1195,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">XIII</collectionCode>
.2.46), fine-grained sand, 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF97013FBFF57EB7FB3F" box="[1143,1207,1195,1222]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="m" value="0.3">0.3 m</quantity>
deep, salinity 34 ‰. Three whole mounts from a beach east of the Marine Research Station of Achotines (
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF97012BBF917EF0FB10" box="[1123,1264,1231,1257]" degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="47" value="7.4130554">07°24’47”N</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF9701B5BF917F8FFB10" box="[1277,1423,1231,1257]" degrees="80" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="20" value="-80.17222">80°10’20”W</geoCoordinate>
), Vera Cruz, 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF97045BBFAA7B6CFAF7" box="[275,364,1268,1294]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<date id="FF9508DBFFCBFF970430BFAD7847FAF7" box="[376,583,1267,1294]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2016-02-28">February 28, 2016</date>
) (
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF970715BFAD78AEFAF4" box="[605,686,1267,1293]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1642500–1642502), just over the rocky hill, on green algae (
<taxonomicName id="4C2B5598FFCBFF970006BFAD7ABBFAC8" authorityName="Kylin" authorityYear="1947" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Kornmanniaceae" genus="Blidingia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF970006BFAD7ABBFAC8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Blidingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2B5598FFCBFF97058BBE497B65FAC8" authorityName="J.H.F.Linkon Esenbeck" authorityYear="1820" box="[195,357,1303,1329]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Enteromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF97058BBE497B65FAC8" box="[195,357,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Enteromorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like). One whole mount (HU 
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF970781BE4978FBFAC8" box="[713,763,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">XIII</collectionCode>
.2.47) and one serially-sectioned specimen (HU 
<collectionCode id="ED3AB6DEFFCBFF970063BE497F5DFAC8" box="[1323,1373,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">XIII</collectionCode>
.2.48) collected in Anse Vata Bay (
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF9704AABE65786AFAAC" box="[482,618,1339,1365]" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-22.305277">22°18’19”S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1F48DCFFCBFF970730BE65790FFAAF" box="[632,783,1339,1366]" degrees="166" direction="east" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" precision="15" seconds="50" value="166.44722">166°26’50”E</geoCoordinate>
), Nouméa, 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF9706DEBE627E46FAAC" box="[918,1094,1339,1366]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(
<date id="FF9508DBFFCBFF97011FBE657F25FAAC" box="[1111,1317,1339,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" value="2003-10-22">October 22, 2003</date>
), on algae (
<taxonomicName id="4C2B5598FFCBFF9705E9BE017AD7FA80" box="[161,215,1375,1401]" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9705E9BE017AD7FA80" box="[161,215,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Ulva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like) and sediment taken from rocks in the mouth of a small river.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3317D90FFCBFF94058FBEDD7AF8FD34" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B942E1BFFCBFF97058FBEDD7BA6F98C" blockId="5.[151,1437,943,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF97058FBEDD7B3BFA64" bold="true" box="[199,315,1411,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Remarks.</emphasis>
Habitus and overall anatomical organisation of our specimens correspond to the description by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA53EAFFCBFF9705DFBEF67B43FA38" author="Marcus, E." box="[151,323,1447,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="7 - 155" refId="ref38567" refString="Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo Zoologia, 7 (14), 7 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1949.129106" type="journal article" year="1949">Marcus (1949)</bibRefCitation>
. The specimens are unpigmented, with two eyes. The specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF970132BEF97EB5FA38" box="[1146,1205,1447,1473]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cuba</collectingCountry>
are 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF9701A4BEF97F61FA3B" box="[1260,1377,1447,1474]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 mm</quantity>
long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9705E9BE927AADFA1C" box="[161,173,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">x̄</emphasis>
= 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF970583BE957B24FA1F" box="[203,292,1483,1510]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
; n = 5), the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF97072BBE9278BCFA1F" box="[611,700,1484,1510]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Panama</collectingCountry>
are 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF9707A4BE957973FA1F" box="[748,883,1483,1510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.3 mm</quantity>
long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFCBFF9706F4BE9279C9FA1C" box="[956,969,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">x̄</emphasis>
= 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF9706AEBE957E3FFA1F" box="[998,1087,1483,1510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
; n = 2), and the specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF9705DFBEAE7B45F9F0" box="[151,325,1519,1546]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
is 
<quantity id="4CD383FEFFCBFF97042EBEB17BA7F9F3" box="[358,423,1519,1546]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long. The syncytial epidermis is 3 μm thick (in the serially-sectioned specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF97002FBEAE7B0AF9D7" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
) and completely ciliated. Cilia 2–3 μm long. The epidermis has a thin basal lamina and is lined internally by a thick layer of circular muscles. Rhabdites present over the entire body surface, more numerous in the posterior body half, 2–3 μm long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B942E1BFFCBFF97058FBD217BBEF918" blockId="5.[151,1437,943,2014]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
The proboscis has the characteristic koinocystidid construction, with a strong juncture sphincter (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA53EAFFCBFF970018BDDE7AD2F944" author="Brunet, M." pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="157 - 174" refId="ref37355" refString="Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la region de Marseille. Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1972. tb 00673. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Brunet 1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA53EAFFCBFF970596BDFD7B78F944" author="Karling, T. G." box="[222,376,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="241 - 269" refId="ref38008" refString="Karling, T. G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1980. tb 00666. x" type="journal article" year="1980">Karling 1980</bibRefCitation>
). It is 10% of the body length in live specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF970690BDFA7E31F947" box="[984,1073,1700,1726]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Panama</collectingCountry>
and 15% in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF9705DFBD997AD2F918" box="[151,210,1735,1761]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF970441BD967BBAF918" box="[265,442,1735,1762]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B942E1BFFCBFF94058FBDB57F80FE73" blockId="5.[151,1437,943,2014]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,394]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
The pharynx (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFCBFF97042DBDB57BBBF8FC" box="[357,443,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) is located in the anterior body half. Its diameter is 15% of the body length in live specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF97045DBC4E7B6EF8D3" box="[277,366,1808,1834]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Panama</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF9704EBBC4E7850F8D0" box="[419,592,1807,1834]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and 20% in specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFCBFF9706DBBC5179D2F8D0" box="[915,978,1807,1833]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Cuba</collectingCountry>
. The prepharyngeal cavity (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFCBFF97004EBC517F60F8D0" box="[1286,1376,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: ppc) is lined by a low, nucleated epithelium (thicker in the distal 1/3 of the lumen) and surrounded by an external layer of longitudinal muscles. Four 
<typeStatus id="549090B9FFCBFF97048FBC067802F88B" box="[455,514,1880,1906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">types</typeStatus>
of glands open very close to each other in the distal part of the pharynx lumen: two 
<typeStatus id="549090B9FFCBFF9705DFBC227AD2F86F" box="[151,210,1916,1942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">types</typeStatus>
containing a coarse-grained eosinophilic secretion, one stained yellowish (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFCBFF970146BC257E67F86C" box="[1038,1127,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: phg4) and the other stained brownish (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFCBFF970458BCC17B6CF840" box="[272,364,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: phg1), one containing a fine-grained eosinophilic secretion (stained pinkish) (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFCBFF9701A4BCC17F47F840" box="[1260,1351,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: phg2), and one a coarse-grained basophilic secretion (stained dark blue-black) (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFCBFF97068ABC9D7E1DF824" box="[962,1053,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: phg3). Coarse-grained basophilic glands (Minot’s glands; 
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF9404EDBBC97BFEFF48" box="[421,510,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: oeg) open into the oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF940623BBC979C5FF48" box="[875,965,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: oe). The musculature of the pharynx consists of a layer of longitudinal muscles outside of the septum (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF940600BBE579A2FF2C" box="[840,930,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: lm), which is continuous with that surrounding the prepharyngeal cavity, and a circular one just inside of the septum (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF94069EBB817E31FF00" box="[982,1073,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: cm1). The distal opening of the pharynx is lined by a thick layer of longitudinal muscles, which in sagittal sections gives the impression of forming a lip-like structure (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF940416BA797BB7FEB8" box="[350,439,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: slm). The pharynx lumen is surrounded by a low epithelium and an outer layer of circular muscles (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF940448BA157B5AFE9C" box="[256,346,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: cm2) and an inner layer of longitudinal muscles (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF9406C1BA1579E3FE9C" box="[905,995,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: ilm). Radial muscles (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF9401ABBA157F3DFE9C" box="[1251,1341,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: rm) run between the internal and the external walls. The mouth (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF940645BA317967FE70" box="[781,871,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: m) is surrounded by a sphincter (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF9401ACBA317F3EFE70" box="[1252,1342,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: sph).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B942E1BFFC8FF94058FBAE97AF8FD34" blockId="6.[151,1437,438,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
The oviform copulatory bulb (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF940769BAE97899FE28" box="[545,665,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1B–C</figureCitation>
) is 76–86 μm long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF9406CEBAE97993FE29" box="[902,915,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 81 μm; n = 5) in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF940012BAE97F98FE28" box="[1370,1432,439,465]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, 86–89 μm long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF940411BA857B66FE0D" box="[345,358,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 88 μm; n = 2) in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF94067ABA85798EFE0C" box="[818,910,475,501]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Panama</collectingCountry>
, and 130 μm long in the specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF94002FBA857B0CFDE0" name="New Caledonia" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
. The spiny cirrus as a whole (
<figureCitation id="1310329EFFC8FF94072EBAA178E2FDE0" box="[614,738,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,322,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-131@7.[151,1436,309,1875]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. A–C, Itaipusa divae Marcus, 1949. A, sagittal reconstruction of the pharynx from the left hand side. B–C, copulatory bulb (specimens from Cuba and Panama, respectively). D–E, Itaipusa karlingi Mack-Fira, 1968. D, copulatory bulb. E, cirrus and penis papilla. A–B with proximal end toward top of figure, C–E with proximal end toward left of figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4629237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4629237/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 1B–C</figureCitation>
: ci) is 35–41μm long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF9406A1BAA179F5FDE1" box="[1001,1013,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 38 μm; n = 5) and 29–37 μm wide (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF9405E9B97D7AADFDC5" box="[161,173,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 33 μm; n = 2) in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF94072EB97D78A4FDC4" box="[614,676,547,573]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, 20–36 μm long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF94062EB97D7973FDC5" box="[870,883,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 29 μm; n = 3), and 28–44 μm wide (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF94006AB97D7F2FFDC5" box="[1314,1327,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 36 μm; n = 2) in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF9404AAB919783EFD98" box="[482,574,583,609]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Panama</collectingCountry>
, and 57 μm long and 36 μm wide in the specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF9401FDB9197F66FD98" box="[1205,1382,583,609]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
. The cirrus is formed by transverse, sclerotised folds bearing tightly-packed spines. Spines are 2–3 μm long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF940078B9357F3DFD7D" box="[1328,1341,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 2 μm; n = 25) in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF9404A2B9D17825FD50" box="[490,549,655,681]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Cuba</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF940711B9D17908FD50" box="[601,776,655,681]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, and 3–4 μm long (
<emphasis id="B95FF209FFC8FF940696B9D179EAFD51" box="[990,1002,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">x̄</emphasis>
= 4 μm; n = 25) in the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F33C6E8BFFC8FF9405DFB9ED7AF3FD34" box="[151,243,691,717]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Panama</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>