187 lines
21 KiB
XML
187 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="0D6E660257E2DB4E2D5C91693403A078" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B950693C42CD8D575AC481E0BA47EF8F">
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<mods:title id="0FC0BBF6FAC3101729F8B5EA90798FA8">Leporidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="547DF08D0D3A4F095D58B9FA0B13667B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9103F522CAF7F24949202400A2F6EC56">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="383D0915ACC5B3E53ED523A721F7DDC2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FF70A2323A23615614864591ECAA392E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="7CAC3FB9F12F5A9D9C43BD5CD68F5CB0">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="7C295EF1CCB99D2553874E7917A40B8B" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="C12F180C1AFA25D1B36624202C28F47F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="C93161B93BFA44B0A727BD15C30C6ACA">
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<mods:placeTerm id="932238F1921075133869328A108BF43F">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="67C533EA09FF946C4E3E4266A784D2A6">
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<mods:title id="308969B559E7848A92B14B9DCBA678E6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03822308B750FFE1FA15F9A0FE4AF25C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625444" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195832016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625444" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03822308B750FFE1FA15F9A0FE4AF25C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03822308B750FFE1FA15F9A0FE4AF25C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEFA15F9A0FA3CF01B" box="[1470,1527,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA15F9A0FA3CF01B" blockId="23.[1466,2285,1563,1682]" box="[1470,1527,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B750FFEEFA15F9A0FA3CF01B" box="[1470,1527,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<figureCitation id="13108E9BB750FFEEFA15F9A0FA3CF01B" box="[1470,1527,1563,1605]" captionStart="Plate 3: Leporidae" captionStartId="2.[115,145,3370,3395]" captionTargetBox="[12,2750,13,3642]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Amami Rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi), 2. Jameson’s Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus randensis), 3. Natal Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus crassicaudatus), 4. Smith’s Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus rupestris), 5. Hewitt’s Red Rock Hare (Pronolagus saundersiae), 6. Volcano Rabbit (Romerolagus diaz), 7. Riverine Rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis), 8. Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), 9. Sumatran Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus netscher), 10. Annamite Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi), 11. Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani), 12. San Jose Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus mansuetus), 13. Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), 14. Mountain Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii), 15. New England Cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625691/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">36.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEF9A3F9A0F93FF01B" box="[1544,1780,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEF9A3F9A0F93FF01B" blockId="23.[1466,2285,1563,1682]" box="[1544,1780,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B750FFEEF9A3F9A0F93FF01B" box="[1544,1780,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B750FFEEF9A3F9A0F93FF01B" box="[1544,1780,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Scrub Hare</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEF897F9A0F78BF01B" box="[1852,2112,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEF897F9A0F78BF01B" blockId="23.[1466,2285,1563,1682]" box="[1852,2112,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B750FFEEF897F9A0F78BF01B" box="[1852,2112,1563,1605]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF897F9A0F78BF01B" ID-CoL="6Q225" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[1852,2112,1563,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEF897F9A0F78BF01B" box="[1852,2112,1563,1605]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Lepus saxatilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEFA17F9ECF88FF0CC" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA17F9ECF720F032" blockId="23.[1466,2285,1563,1682]" box="[1468,2283,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B750FFEEFA17F9ECF720F032" box="[1468,2283,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA17F9ECF9C3F032" bold="true" box="[1468,1544,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B750FFEEF9B9F9ECF913F032" box="[1554,1752,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Lievre des buissons</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEF947F9ECF88CF032" bold="true" box="[1772,1863,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B750FFEEF8FAF9ECF877F032" box="[1873,1980,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Buschhase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEF87AF9ECF7E7F032" bold="true" box="[2001,2092,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B750FFEEF79CF9ECF720F032" box="[2103,2283,1623,1644]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Liebre de matorral</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA10F9C6F88FF0CC" blockId="23.[1466,2285,1563,1682]" box="[1467,1860,1661,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<heading id="D0DC2572B750FFEEFA10F9C6F88FF0CC" box="[1467,1860,1661,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA10F9C6F979F0CC" bold="true" box="[1467,1714,1661,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0528E230B750FFEEF917F9C6F88FF0CC" box="[1724,1860,1661,1682]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Savanna Hare</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEF7B4F976F5A6F0B8" box="[2079,2669,1741,1766]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEF7B4F976F5A6F0B8" blockId="23.[2076,2671,1741,2159]" box="[2079,2669,1741,1766]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEF7B4F976F771F0B8" bold="true" box="[2079,2234,1741,1766]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF761F976F5A3F0B8" ID-CoL="6Q225" authority="F. Cuvier, 1823" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2250,2664,1741,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">Lepus saxatilis F. Cuvier, 1823</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEF78BF957F71FF1DC" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEF78BF957F71FF1DC" blockId="23.[2076,2671,1741,2159]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<materialsCitation id="3B439843B750FFEEF78BF957F71FF1DC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3805018344" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">“il habite les contrées qui se trouvent a trois journées au nord du cap de Bonne-Espérance [= Cape of Good Hope],” South Africa.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEF7B5F832F688FC32" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEF7B5F832F688FC32" blockId="23.[2076,2671,1741,2159]" lastBlockId="23.[1451,2670,2164,3457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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Taxonomic relationship of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF61BF832F588F1F4" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2480,2627,1929,1962]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">L. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF7B4F80EF765F18C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[2079,2222,1973,2002]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="victoriae">L. victoriae</taxonomicName>
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is unclear. Conventionally, they are considered to be allopatric;
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF5AAF863F780FE7E" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">L. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
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represents the larger southern African form and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF705F79CF6F6FE16" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[2222,2365,2087,2120]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="victoriae">L. victoriae</taxonomicName>
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the smaller northern African form. Nevertheless, others consider
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEFA12F7CFF98CFECB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[1465,1607,2164,2197]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="victoriae">L. victoriae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF925F7CFF8D2FECB" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[1678,1817,2164,2197]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">L. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
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a single species or even both species included in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF67AF7CFF5A5FECB" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2513,2670,2164,2197]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricollis">L. nigricollis</taxonomicName>
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as subspecies. A study of mtDNA identified three phylogeographic distributional lineages of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF98DF779F97FFEBD" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[1574,1716,2242,2275]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">L. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
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: south-western (Western Cape and Northern Cape provinces), central (Eastern Cape and parts of Free State and KwaZulu-Natal provinces), and northern (northern South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe). Northern boundary of the distribution is uncertain because it is difficult to distinguish between
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<taxonomicName id="4C2BE99DB750FFEEF6CFF682F626FF04" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" box="[2404,2541,2361,2394]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">L. saxatilis</taxonomicName>
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and sympatric L. capensisin the field. South-western lineage is unique, and it has lacked gene flow with the other two lineages for more than 45,000 years. Therefore,it has been suggested that the south-western lineage may be elevated to species level. None of the subspecies designated forthis species were supported as evolutionarily meaningful units by the mtDNA data analysis and they seem to represent color pattern classes that are more related to ecological habitat than to evolutionary processes. Hence, none ofthe described subspeciesis recognized here and thusit is considered monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEFA1EF5CFF636FCE2" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF54C296B750FFEEFA1EF5CFF636FCE2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6625625" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6625625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6625625/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" targetBox="[1464,2054,1737,2149]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA1EF5CFF636FCE2" blockId="23.[1451,2670,2164,3457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA1EF5CFF9AEFCCB" bold="true" box="[1461,1637,2676,2709]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S Namibia, most of South Africa (except the N), Swaziland, and Lesotho; N boundary is uncertain, and it may reach S Botswana and S & SW Zimbabwe.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEFA1EF579F5AFFDA9" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA1EF579F5AFFDA9" blockId="23.[1451,2670,2164,3457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA1EF579F96CFCBD" bold="true" box="[1461,1703,2754,2787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 450-630 mm,tail 70-122 mm, ear 100-150 mm, hindfoot 99-128 mm; weight 1.4-3.5 kg. The Scrub Hare is medium to large, with long and broad ears. Fur is soft. Dorsal and head are dark buffy brown, grizzled with black. Flanks are pale, and ventral fur is white. Gray or buff eye rings extend to nasal region. Eartips have narrow black bands on inner and outer surfaces. Nuchal patch is large and rufous and extends under ears to base of head. Forelimbs and hindlimbs are brownish above and white below. Tail is medium to long and black above and white below. Geographical cline in size is noticeable in the Scrub Hare;size decreases from south-west to north-east.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEFA18F442F758FACD" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA18F442F758FACD" blockId="23.[1451,2670,2164,3457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA18F442F9E9FA44" bold="true" box="[1459,1570,3065,3098]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Open grassland, thornveld (grassland characterized by thorny plants), roadside verges, rocky and stony habitats, open sand-plain, bushveld (subtropical woodland), and forest. The Scrub Hare seems to be attracted to cultivated areas and gardens. Its forms are located in grass or under a brush.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFEEFA19F320FA30FA81" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFEEFA19F320FA30FA81" blockId="23.[1451,2670,2164,3457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
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<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA19F320F97DFAE2" bold="true" box="[1458,1718,3227,3260]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Scrub Hareseat grass leaves, rhizomes, and stems and prefer green grass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B750FFE1FA1AF351FC2FF787" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB750FFE1FA1AF351FC2FF787" blockId="23.[1451,2670,2164,3457]" lastBlockId="24.[92,1300,282,1031]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB750FFEEFA1AF351F9FCFB55" bold="true" box="[1457,1591,3306,3339]" pageId="23" pageNumber="130">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Scrub Hares in Botswana were pregnant in all months of the year except September, with reproductive peak during warmer months (October—February). Pregnant females have been recorded in August, October, December, June, and July in South Africa, and newly born young have been reported in May, October, and November. Litters have 1-4 young, with an average of 3-5 in KwaZulu-Natal, whereas they ranged 1-3 young and averaged 1-6 in Zimbabwe. Increased breeding success probably is related to higher annual rainfall and nutritional content of grasses available for grazing in KwaZulu-Natal. The Scrub Hare probably has two litters per year. Peak breeding in KwaZulu-Natal occurs in September—February.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B75FFFE1FFF6FE64FE64F40E" pageId="24" pageNumber="131" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB75FFFE1FFF6FE64FE64F40E" blockId="24.[92,1300,282,1031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB75FFFE1FFF6FE64FE80F45E" bold="true" box="[93,331,479,512]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Scrub Hare is nocturnal. It becomes active at dusk and feeds throughout the night. A Scrub Hare lies alone in a form during the day, but another individual is often close.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B75FFFE1FFF4FDEEFADAF4C3" pageId="24" pageNumber="131" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB75FFFE1FFF4FDEEFADAF4C3" blockId="24.[92,1300,282,1031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB75FFFE1FFF4FDEEFCEEF428" bold="true" box="[95,805,597,630]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home range of the Scrub Hare is variable and depends on habitat type and season. Theylive alone, occasionally in pairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B75FFFE1FFF4FD1FFC02F5D4" pageId="24" pageNumber="131" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB75FFFE1FFF4FD1FFC02F5D4" blockId="24.[92,1300,282,1031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB75FFFE1FFF4FD1FFE70F49B" bold="true" box="[95,443,676,709]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Scrub Hare is widespread and common throughout its distribution. Nevertheless,its population trend has been declining and is expected to continue to decline by at least 20% during the next 100 years. Threats are habitat fragmentation resulting from agriculture, commercial plantations, and human development. Overharvesting has reduced population sizes especially in KwaZulu-Natal and South Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331C195B75FFFE1FFCBFC22FE4AF25C" pageId="24" pageNumber="131" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B94921EB75FFFE1FFCBFC22FE4AF25C" blockId="24.[92,1300,282,1031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95F4E0CB75FFFE1FFCBFC22FF32F5EC" bold="true" box="[96,249,921,946]" pageId="24" pageNumber="131">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Collins et al. (2008), Flux & Angermann (1990), Happold (2013c), Hoffmann & Smith (2005), Kryger, Keith et al. (2004), Kryger, Robinson & Bloomer (2004), Monadjem (1998), Shortridge (1934a), Smithers (1971, 1983), Taylor (1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |