215 lines
20 KiB
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215 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26048" ID-GBIF-Dataset="09a34d83-dad5-4f32-aab8-a3ac1b9b862e" ID-PMC="PMC6189222" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-788-39" ID-PubMed="30337822" ID-ZBK="19AFBDE057D64EEEA4C82BCE17747989" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-788-39" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 788" ModsDocTitle="Three species in one: a revision of Clemensiaalbata Packard (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)" checkinTime="1539050117871" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian & Sullivan, J. Bolling" docDate="2018" docId="01FD479D3A50A7E57E3D4F79FD7E6665" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 788: 39-55" docOrigin="ZooKeys 788" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26048" docTitle="Clemensia umbrata Packard, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFB5FF806F52FFD8FFB29649FF85FFC1" masterDocTitle="Three species in one: a revision of Clemensiaalbata Packard (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1668166268238" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Three species in one: a revision of Clemensiaalbata Packard (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sullivan, J. Bolling</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>788</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>39</mods:start>
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<mods:end>55</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26048</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.788.26048</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-788-39</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">19AFBDE057D64EEEA4C82BCE17747989</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">19AFBDE057D64EEEA4C82BCE17747989</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="148656983" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:01FD479D3A50A7E57E3D4F79FD7E6665" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/01FD479D3A50A7E57E3D4F79FD7E6665" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName authority="Packard" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="1" pageNumber="40" start="start">Clemensia</pageBreakToken>
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umbrata Packard
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="40">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1-4, 13, 16
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">Clemensia umbrata</taxonomicName>
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Packard, 1872: 85. Type locality. Congress Springs, Santa Clara Co, California [lost] male holotype. Note. The type locality was given as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“California”">"California"</normalizedToken>
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in the original description, and
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<bibRefCitation author="Edwards, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" pagination="183 - 190" title="Pacific Coast Lepidoptera. No. 3. Notes on some Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of Oregon and British Columbia; with descriptions of new species." volume="5" year="1874">Edwards (1874)</bibRefCitation>
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later writes that the only type was destroyed in the mail when Packard returned it, and clarifies the source of the type material as "Congress Springs, Santa Clara County."
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia irrorata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irrorata">Clemensia irrorata</taxonomicName>
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H. Edwards, 1874, p.185. Type locality. "Victoria, V.I. [Vancouver Island, British Columbia]"
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">Clemensia umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is most similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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; flight time and locality aid in separating the two. Both species occur together only from southern
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Quebéc">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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and eastern Ontario southward;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is the only
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Clemensia</taxonomicName>
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species across the boreal forest region and the Pacific Northwest (Figure 19). Where the range overlaps that of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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, the phenology differs in that
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is univoltine with adults in July and early August (as early as June in the southern Appalachians) (Figure 22), whereas
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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is bivoltine in the Northeast and possibly multivoltine farther south. In northeastern North America the flight peaks of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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are in mid-June and late August largely outside that of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 22), but the flight periods of the two overlap in late July and possibly early August. In the eastern US
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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becomes increasingly restricted to higher elevations southward, whereas
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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is more widespread. For example, in North Carolina
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is usually found above 3100' whereas
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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occurs below 4600'. Similar habitat/ecozone segregation likely occurs elsewhere, but further study is needed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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Externally,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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in its larger size in regions of sympatry (northern boreal
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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are smaller and not noticeably significantly larger than
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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), with male forewing length of 12.3 mm (n = 9) versus 10.8 mm (n = 6) in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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. Wing pattern differences are difficult to discern, especially flight-worn individuals, but
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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has a more contrasting forewing pattern that is more suffused with grey and black, and often with a diffuse dark grey postmedial patch near the anal margin; this patch is absent or much more restricted in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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Internally, the male genitalic structure of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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differs in the shape of the basal ventral diverticulum of the vesica, which is bilobed in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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versus heart shaped in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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(Figs 13, 14). The female corpus bursae of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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(Figure 16) is less elongate with longer internal spinules and a more broadly joined appendix bursae compared to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ochreata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="ochreata">C. ochreata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<bibRefCitation author="Dyar, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" pagination="779 - 938" title="The Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.27-1376.779" volume="27" year="1904">Dyar (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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describes the egg and first two instars based on samples from southeastern British Columbia, stating that larvae overwinter (as second instar?). The egg is unusually large with a diameter of 0.8 mm. The eggs are covered with setae from the female abdominal tip.
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<bibRefCitation author="McCabe, TL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" pagination="34 - 40" title="Clemensiaalbata, an algal feeding arctiid." volume="35" year="1981">McCabe (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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described the larval biology, but it is unclear if his account is referable to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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. Larvae probably graze algae growing on tree bark and possibly other substrates according to
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<bibRefCitation author="McCabe, TL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" pagination="34 - 40" title="Clemensiaalbata, an algal feeding arctiid." volume="35" year="1981">McCabe (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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, but both
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<bibRefCitation author="Dyar, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" pagination="779 - 938" title="The Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.27-1376.779" volume="27" year="1904">Dyar (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Miller and Hammond (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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state that larvae feed on lichens; a larva likely referable to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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was found on white birch cut for firewood in Renfrew Co, Ontario in late June (J. Dombroskie, pers. comm.).
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Miller and Hammond (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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report this species as feeding in lichens on trees and large shrubs in the Pacific Northwest, especially on gary oak.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">Clemensia umbrata</taxonomicName>
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was collected 74 times during the Canadian Forest Insect Survey, always from conifers, and mostly from white spruce (49/74 collections;
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<bibRefCitation author="McGugan, BM" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, ON. Publication No. 1034" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" title="Forest Lepidoptera of Canada reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 1: Papilionidae to Arctiidae." year="1958">McGugan 1958</bibRefCitation>
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). This may however indicate larvae feeding on algae-encrusted conifer twigs, whereas algal growth is usually limited to thicker branches and trunks of birch, where larvae are less likely to be collected by conventional sampling methods.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">Clemensia umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is univoltine throughout its range, with peak adult abundance in late July in northeastern North America (Figure 22), but appearing as early as June in the southern Appalachians. In the boreal region the larva is present from mid-May to mid-July (presumably having overwintered as a second or third instar), and with most collections from mid-June (
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<bibRefCitation author="McGugan, BM" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, ON. Publication No. 1034" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" title="Forest Lepidoptera of Canada reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 1: Papilionidae to Arctiidae." year="1958">McGugan 1958</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">Clemensia umbrata</taxonomicName>
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occurs from Nova Scotia across the boreal region to the Pacific coast, southward into central California and northern Idaho (Figure 19; Pacific Northwest Moths website). The northernmost records are for north-coastal British Columbia (Figure 19), southernmost Northwest Territories (southwest of Hay River;
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<bibRefCitation author="McGugan, BM" journalOrPublisher="Canada Department of Agriculture, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, ON. Publication No. 1034" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" title="Forest Lepidoptera of Canada reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 1: Papilionidae to Arctiidae." year="1958">McGugan 1958</bibRefCitation>
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), and Havre-St.-Pierre,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Handfield, L" journalOrPublisher="Broquet, Boucherville, QC" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" title="Le guide des papillons du Quebec, version scientifique [A guide to the butterflies of Quebec, scientific version]." year="2011">Handfield 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia umbrata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrata">Clemensia umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is absent from the entire central and southern Rocky Mountain region of the USA. The extent of distribution in the eastern US is still poorly defined; minimally,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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occurs in the northern Great Lakes region, Vermont, and the southern Appalachians (Tennessee and North Carolina), but it is likely more widespread in the Appalachians.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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As defined here,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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represents the taxon that occurs across most of Canada and western USA that was previously called
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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. In most of its range (except eastern North America), it is the only
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Clemensia</taxonomicName>
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species. Although no California specimens of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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were available for DNA analysis, examined California material was not distinguishable morphologically from that of the Pacific Northwest, with the latter genetically very similar to the transboreal/Appalachian taxon. The distribution of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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is continuous along the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia to central California (Figure 19; see also Pacific Northwest Moths website), and we accordingly treat all as a single species under the name
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<taxonomicName lsidName="umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">umbrata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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Figures 1-12.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Clemensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clemensia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Clemensia</taxonomicName>
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adults. 1-4
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="albata">C. albata</taxonomicName>
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, 1 ♂, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada 2 ♂, Grandfather Mountain, 4850', Avery Co., North Carolina, USA 3 ♂, Langley, British Columbia, Canada 4 ♀, Tweed, Ontario, Canada 5-8
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. umbrata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="umbrata">C. umbrata</taxonomicName>
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, 5 ♂, Backus Woods, Ontario, Canada 6 ♀, Backus Woods, Ontario, Canada 7 ♂, Starkville, Oktibbeha Co., Mississippi, USA 8 ♀, Barksdale A.F.B., Bossier Parish, LA, USA; 9-12
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ochreata" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="ochreata">C. ochreata</taxonomicName>
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, 9 ♂, Gainesville, Paynes Prarie State Park, Alachua Co., Florida, USA 10 ♀ holotype, Anthony, Marion Co., Florida, USA 11 ♂, Middleton Creek, Franklin Co., Mississippi, USA 12 ♀, Sweetbay Bogs, Stone Co., Mississippi, USA.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |