A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies Author Murillo-Ramos, Leidys Author Brehm, Gunnar Author Sihvonen, Pasi Author Hausmann, Axel Author Holm, Sille Author Ghanavi, Hamid Reza Author Õunap, Erki Author Truuverk, Andro Author Staude, Hermann Author Friedrich, Egbert Author Tammaru, Toomas Author Wahlberg, Niklas text PeerJ 2019 2019-08-27 7 1 39 journal article 10.7717/peerj.7386 41ff7b58-5204-42ec-b85a-75a6904af370 PMC6716565 31523494 5767530 Orthostixinae Meyrick, 1892 Orthostixinae were not included in our study. Sihvonen et al. (2011) showed this subfamily as deeply embedded within Ennominae , but unfortunately it was not represented by the type genus of the subfamily. These results agree with Holloway (1996) who examined Orthostixis Hübner, (1823) and suggested the inclusion in Ennominae despite the full development of hindwing vein M2, the presence of a forewing areole and the very broad base of the tympanal ansa. We sampled the species Naxa textilis (Walker, 1856) and Orthostixis cribraria (Hübner, 1799) , but only three and one marker were successfully sequenced for these samples, respectively. We included these species in the preliminary analyses but results were so unstable that we excluded them from the final analysis. Further research including fresh material and more genetic markers are needed to investigate the position of Orthostixinae conclusively.