Revision of the subgenus Aleochara Gravenhorst of the parasitoid rove beetle genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) Author Yamamoto, Shûhei Author Maruyama, Munetoshi text Zootaxa 2016 4101 1 1 68 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4101.1.1 682e2c0a-35ac-46d1-9b0f-257f6d6d06f9 1175-5326 269393 53A25A6F-72AF-4B61-B8DA-E427FA2B634F Aleochara ( Aleochara ) postica Walker, 1858 ( Figs 5–6 , 14–15 , 23–24 , 32–33 , 41 , 79–85 , 113 –116, 125 ) Aleochara postica Walker, 1858 : 205 (original description; type locality: Ceylon , unspecified); Fenyes, 1920: 399 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae ]; Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926 : 778 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae ]; Cameron , 1939 : 626 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); in key to Indian species of subgenus Aleochara (s. str.)], 627 (redescription); Smetana, 2004b : 354 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae ); Luo & Zhao, 2012 : 180 [as Aleochara (s. str.); in key to Chinese species of subgenus Aleochara ], 198 (redescription); Schülke & Smetana, 2015 : 491 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae ). Aleochara haematopyga Kraatz, 1859 : 15 (original description; type locality: Ceylon ); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926 : 778 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.)]; Fenyes, 1920: 416 (as incertae sedis within genus Aleochara ); Smetana, 2004b : 354 (as subgenus Aleochara ; as synonym of A. postica ); Luo & Zhao, 2012 : 198 [as Aleochara (s. str.); as synonym of A. postica ]; Schülke & Smetana, 2015 : 491 (as subgenus Aleochara ; as synonym of A. postica ). Aleochara clavigera Sharp, 1874 : 7 (original description, as “ claviger ”; type locality: Japan , unspecified); Fenyes, 1920: 399 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae ; Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926 : 776 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae ]; Smetana, 2004b : 353 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae ); Park & Ahn, 2009 : 521 (as subgenus Aleochara ; redescription, as “ claviger ”; synonymised Al. niponensis under A. clavigera , wrong arrangement based on misidentification; lectotype designation; record from Korea ); Park & Ahn, 2010a : 317 (as subgenus Aleochara ; in key to Far-Eastern species of subgenus Aleochara ); Luo & Zhao, 2012 : 180 [as Aleochara (s. str.); in key to Chinese species of subgenus Aleochara ], 191 (redescription); Shibata et al ., 2013 : 105 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Japanese species of Staphylinidae ); Schülke & Smetana, 2015 : 491 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae ). New synonymy Aleochara nitouensis Bernhauer, 1935 : 13 (original description; type locality: China , Szechuan, Tatsieniu, Nitou); Smetana, 2004b : 354 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae ); Luo & Zhao, 2012 : 180 [as Aleochara (s. str.); in key to Chinese species of subgenus Aleochara ], 197 (redescription); Schülke & Smetana, 2015 : 491 (as subgenus Aleochara ; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae ). New synonymy Aleochara marginicollis Cameron , 1942 : 847 [as Aleochara (s. str.); original description; type locality: Nord-Celebes (North Sulawesi], Toli Toli)]. New synonymy Type material. A. postica : Holotype , female, “ Type [RRL] // Ceylon [HW] / 59 [ US , HW] / 106 [ US , HW] // postica [HW]” (pinned; most parts of antennae, wings, legs missing; abdominal segments VIII-X and spermatheca dissected and mounted in Euparal by MM) (PL, 1.23 mm ; PW, 1.85 mm ) ( BMNH ). A. clavigera : Lectotype , female, “ Type [RRL] // Japan . / G. Lewis // Sharp Coll. / 1905-313. // SYN- / TYPE [ BRL ] // Aleochara claviger . / Type D.S. [HW] // Lectotype / Aleochara claviger / Sharp, 1874 / Desig. Park & Ahn, 2007 [HW]” (abdominal segments VIII-X and spermatheca dissected and mounted in Euparal by MM) (PL, 1.60 mm ; PW, 2.66 mm ; HTL, 1.41 mm ) ( BMNH ); paralectotype , male, “SYN- / TYPE [ BRL ] // Japan . / G. Lewis / 1910-320 // Aleochara / claviger / mihi D.S. [HW]” (abdominal segments IX-X and aedeagus dissected and mounted on PC, median lobe of aedeagus destroyed by PR) (PL, 1.38 mm ; PW, 1.96 mm ; HTL, 1.33 mm ) ( BMNH ). A. nitouensis : Syntype , 1 male , “Para- / type [ YRCL ] // Nitou [Chongqing] Tatsienlu / Szechuan [Sichuan] China // Em. Reitter // Cotype // M. Cameron / Bequest / B.M. 1955-147” (median lobe of aedeagus pulled out by PR; and mounted in Euparal by MM) ( BMNH ); syntype , 1 female , “Nitou Tatsienlu / Szechuan China // Em. Reitter // nitouensis / Brnh. Typus / aleochara // Chicago NHMus / M. Bernhauer / Collection” ( FMNH ; Fig. 115 ); syntype , 1 female , “Nitou Tatsienlu / Szechuan China // Em. Reitter // Aleochara / nitouensis / Brnh. Cotyp. [HW] // Coll. E. Reitter / B. M. 1934-449” (abdominal segments VIII-X and spermatheca glued on a card with the body) ( BMNH ); syntype , 1 female , “Nitou Tatsienlu / Szechuan China // Em. Reitter // Aleochara / nitouensis / Brnh. Cotyp. [HW] // Beine / dunkler [HW] // 1 Frihlergl / dunkler [HW] // Chicago NHMus / M. Bernhauer / Collection // Brit. Mus / 1956-70 ” (abdominal segments VIII-X dissected and glued on a PC with the body by PR, spermatheca missing) ( BMNH ); syntypes , 2 females , “Tempelberg / 900 m // Ginyün b. Bébé / C. China Rttr. // nitouensis / Brnh. / Cotypus [HW] // Chicago NHMus / M. Bernhauer / Collection” ( FMNH ; one of which is shown: Fig. 116 ). A. marginicollis : Holotype , male, “Nord-Celebes / Toli Toli // Nov.-Dez. 1895 / H. Fruhstorfer // A. / marginicollis / TYPE Cam. [HW]” (abdominal segments VII-X and aedeagus dissected and glued on a PC with the body) (PL, 1.28 mm ; PW, 1.77 mm ; HTL, 1.13 mm ) ( BMNH ). Non-type material. JAPAN : [HOKKAIDÔ]: 1 unsexed (preserved in 99.5% EtOH for DNA sequencing), Nukabira-ko Lake, Kamishihoro-chô, 11–12.vii.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Nukabira-ko Lake, Kamishihoro-chô, 13.vii.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg. (KUM); 3 males , 1 female , 10 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 27.vi.1986 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 4 males , 3 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 12.vi.1987 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 26.vi.1987 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 29.viii.1987 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 1 male , 3 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 3.ix.1987 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 1 female , Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 7.x.1987 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 31.v.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 6 males , 1 female , 15 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 21.vi.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 10 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 21.vi.1991 Y. Sasaki leg. ( OCM ); 12 males , 18 females , 64 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 23.viii.1991 , Y. Sasaki leg. ( OCM ); 2 males , 3 females , 33 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 31.viii.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 3 males , 4 females , 10 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 12.ix.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 1 male , 4 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 13.ix.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 1 female , 7 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 20.ix.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 1 male , 1 female , 11 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 27.ix.1991 , M. Ôhara leg. ( OCM ); 6 males , Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 4.vi.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 3 males , 2 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 12.vi.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 13 males , 1 female , Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 18.vi.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 4 males , 3 females , 10 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 25.vi.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 2 males , 2 females , 21 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 2.vii.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 4 males , 3 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 11.vii.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 3 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 18.vii.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 male , Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 30.vii.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 3 females , 7 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 14.viii.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 male , 13 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 21.viii.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 4 males , 3 females , 24 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 6.ix.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 female , 13 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 12.ix.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 10 males , 7 females , 36 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 18.ix.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 male , 14 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 23.ix.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 male , 38 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 1.x.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 4 males , 2 females , 26 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 8.x.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 female , 27 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 15.x.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 1 female , 10 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 22.x.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); 10 unsexed, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 29.x.1992 , M. Ôhara leg., from baited trap ( OCM ); [ HONSHÛ ]: 1 male , 1 unsexed, Sebechi, Yomogitamachi, Aomori-ken, 22.ix.2006 , H. Kamezawa leg. (cHK); 3 males , 1 female , 19 unsexed, Kawairi, Yamato-machi, Kitakata-shi, Fukushima-ken, 14-15.vi.1998 , M. Maruyama leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, infront of Kamiiyori-shiobara Station, Nikkô-shi, Tochigi-ken, 2.viii.2003 , K. Haga leg., from dog feces on edge of secondary broad-leaved forest (KUM); 1 female , Watarase-yûsuichi retarding basin, Tochigi-shi, Tochigi-ken, 24.iv.2002 , T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 male , 1 female , near Nidoage, Gunma-ken, 21.viii.1960 , Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 male , Nagatoya, Inzai-shi, Chiba-ken, 1.vi.1991 , T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 female , Jinbee, Inzai-shi, Chiba-ken, 22.x.1989 , T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 male , Jôza, Sakura-shi, Chiba-ken, 26.iv-2.v.1998 , M. Sato leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 3 males , 1 female , 5 unsexed, Jôza, Sakura-shi, Chiba-ken, 24-26.vi.1998 , M. Maruyama leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 1 female , Azeta, Sakura-shi, Chiba-ken, 20.x.1997 , M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 male , 1 unsexed, Azata, Sakura-shi, Chiba-ken, 26.iv–2.v.1998 , M. Sano leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Koshinozuka, Sakura-shi, Chiba-ken, 2–4.x.1997 , M. Maruyama & M. Sano leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 1 male , 1 unsexed, Gongenno-mori, Nagara-machi, Chiba-ken, 12.vi.1993 , T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 male , Nagara, Nagara-machi, Chiba-ken, 18.ix.1988 , T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 female , Uchiurayama, Kamogawa-shi, Chiba-ken, 23.v.1991 , T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 female , Uchiurayama, Kamogawa-shi, Chiba-ken, 2.vi.1991 , T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 female , Setagaya-ku, Tôkyô-to, 9.vi.1955 , Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 male , 1 unsexed, Sato ~ Kawada, Mikurajima-mura (Mikura-jima Is.), Tôkyô-to, 2.vii.2012 , H. Kamezawa leg. (cHK); 1 male , 2 females , 1 unsexed, Sato ~ Kawada, Mikurajima-mura (Mikura-jima Is.), Tôkyô-to, 13.v.2013 , H. Kamezawa leg., from carcass of streaked shearwater (cHK); 1 male , Kawada, Mikurajima-mura (Mikura-jima Is.), Tôkyô-to, 22.vii.1975 , J. Okuma leg. (KUM); 4 males , 1 female , 1 unsexed, Sato (in Mt. Kurosakitakao-san), Mikurajima-mura (Mikura-jima Is.), Tôkyô-to, 14.v.2013 , H. Kamezawa leg., from carcass of streaked shearwater (cHK); 1 unsexed, Suzuharashitsugen Moor, Mikurajima-mura (Mikura-jima Is.), Tôkyô-to, 12.vi.2010 , J. Aoki leg. (KUM); 1 male , Yamanaka-chô, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 24–26.vii.1996 , K. Ishida et al . leg. (KUM); 1 male , near Kurokuragawa River, Kanagawa-ken, 21.ix.1993 , Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 male , 65 unsexed, Yûkyûzan-kôen Park, Nagaoka-shi, Niigata-ken, 17.vii.1998 , M. Maruyama leg., from colony of snowy heron (KUM); 1 unsexed, Renge-onsen, Itoigawa-shi, Niigata-ken, 15–16.vii.1997 , M. Maruyama leg., alt. 1500m (KUM); 4 males , 1 female , 11 unsexed, Masutomi-onsen, Hokuto-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 9–10.vii.1998 , M. Maruyama leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Sawara-ike Pond, Nirasaki-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 8–9.vii.1998 , M. Maruyama leg., alt. 1200m , from carrion trap (KUM); 1 female , Ôdairahara, Azumino-shi, Nagano-ken, 12–13.vii.1998 , M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 female , Mizugatsuka, Suyama, Susono-shi, Shizuoka-ken, 28.v–4.vi.2014 , T. Watanabe leg., from baited trap (silkworm pupa powder) (cTW); 1 male , 1 female , Mts. Amagi-san, Shizuoka-ken, 21.viii.1955 , Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 male , 2 females , 6 unsexed, Mts. Amagi-san, Shizuoka-ken, 17.vii.1955 , Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ômi, Ôhara, Sakyô-ku, Kyôto-shi, Kyôto-fu, 26–28.iv.1984 , M. Hasegawa leg. (KUM); 1 female , 1 unsexed, Ômi, Ôhara, Sakyô-ku, Kyôto-shi, Kyôto-fu, 15.viii.1984 , M. Hasegawa leg. (KUM); 1 male , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Kyôtanba-chô. Kyôto-fu, 29.vii.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 5 males , 2 females , Mt. Amaishiyama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 29.ix.1979 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 unsexed, Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 21.iv.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 17.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 female , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 21.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 23.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 2 males , 2 unsexed, Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 24.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg., from trap (cYH); 1 female , 3 unsexed, Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 28.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 30.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 female , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgoken, 2.vi.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , 1 unsexed, Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 4.vi.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 6.vi.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Mt. Amaishi-yama, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 8.x.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 3 males , 1 female , Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 30.v.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 2.viii.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 2 males , Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 11.viii.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , 1 unsexed, Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 29.viii.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Sasayama-shi, Hyôgoken, 13.ix.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 16.ix.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Sasayama-shi, Hyôgo-ken, 20.x.1980 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Hirai, Kozagawa-chô, Wakayama-ken, 12.vii.1999 , M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 male , 2 females , Hirai, Kozagawa-chô, Wakayama-ken, 13.vii.1999 , M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 male , Hirai, Kozagawa-chô, Wakayama-ken, 14.vii.1999 , M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 4 males , Hirai, Kozagawa-chô, Wakayama-ken, 15.vii.1999 , M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, near Kazafukitôge Pass, Wakayama-ken, 9.x.1959 , Y. Hayashi leg. (cYH); 1 male , Mt. Dai-sen (summer climbing road), Tottoriken, 24-26.viii.1986 , H. Ogino leg., alt. 750–1600m (st. 13) (EUM); [ SHIKOKU ]: 1 female , Tsudachô, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima-ken, 8.ix.1965 , M. Sakai leg. (EUM); 1 male , Mt. Takamaru, Kamikatsu-chô, Tokushima-ken, 28.v–18.vi.2005 , M. Yoshida leg., from fowl trap (KUM); 1 female , Meoto-ike Pond, Tsurugi-chô, Tokushima-ken, 14–15.vii.1984 , T. Nagata leg., alt. 490m (EUM); 1 unsexed, Gyôba-Ichinomori (Mt. Tsurugisan), Miyoshi-shi, Tokushima-ken, 15–16.vii.1984 , T. Nagata leg., alt. 1700–1870m (EUM); 1 male , 1 female , Ôtsurugi (Mt. Tsurugi-san), Higashiiya, Miyoshi-shi, Tokushima-ken, 5.vi–3.vii.2006 . M. Yoshida leg., alt. 1800m , from fowl trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Tateiwakomenono, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 1–2.vi.1996 , T. Konishi leg., by baited trap (EUM); 3 unsexed, Tateiwakomenono, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 1–2.vi.1996 , K. Kasahara leg., by baited trap (EUM); 1 male , 3 unsexed, Tateiwakomenono, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 1–2.vi.1996 , S. Nakai leg., by baited trap (EUM); 2 unsexed, Tateiwakomenono, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 1–2.vi.1996 , S. Hayakawa leg., by baited trap (EUM); 1 male , 3 unsexed, Tateiwakomenono, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 1–2.vi.1996 , Y. Suzuki leg., by baited trap (EUM); 2 unsexed, Tateiwakomenono, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 1–2.vi.1996 , K. Yamanaka leg., by baited trap (EUM); 2 males , Tateiwakomenno, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 29.v.2005 , Y. Katayama leg. (EUM); 2 males , 1 female , 3 unsexed, Sugitatemachi, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken, 4.v.2008 , Y. Satô leg. (EUM); 1 unsexed, Ôhira, Iuchi, Tôon-shi, Ehime-ken, 23–29.vii.2007 , J. Ogawa leg., from flight interception trap (EUM); 3 males , 2 females , 1 unsexed, Watamaru, Sunouchi, Tôon-shi, Ehime-ken, 26.vi.2007 , Y. Satô leg. (EUM); 1 female , Tsuchigoya (Omogo-kei, Mt. Ishizuchi-yama), Kumakôgen-chô Ehime-ken, 3–7.viii.1986 , M. Ebihara leg., from chicken trap (st. 47) (EUM); 1 male , Mt. Saraga-mine, Kumakôgen-chô, Ehime-ken, 18.vi.2006 , Y. Satô leg. (EUM); 1 male , Mt. Odai-yama, Uchiko-chô, Ehime-ken, 10–16.viii.1994 , no collector’s name, from benzyl athetate trap (EUM); 1 male , Takagawa, Seiyo-shi, Ehime-ken, 18.x.1968 , M. Sakai leg. (EUM); 1 male , Befu, Monobe-son, Kôchi-ken, 12.vi.1994 , I. Yamashita leg. (EUM); [ KYÛSHÛ ]: 1 male , 3 unsexed, Mehorodam, Kamiagata-chô, Tsushima-shi, Nagasaki-ken, 24.v.2002 , Y. & M. Kawahara leg. (KUM); 1 male , Horibata, Shimabara-shi, Nagasaki-ken, 30.vii.1977 , S. Imasaka leg. (KUM); 1 male , Mt. Ichifusa-yama, Mizukami-mura, Kumamoto-ken, 23.vii.1969 , H. Nomura leg. (cYH); 4 unsexed, Hatsuno, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 1.iv.1967 , H. Nomura leg. (cYH); 3 unsexed, Hatsuno, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 2.iv.1967 , H. Nomura leg. (cYH); 1 female , 1 unsexed, Hatsuno, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 3.iv.1967 , H. Nomura leg. (cYH); 1 female , 4 unsexed, Ikari, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 19.vi.1961 , T. Shibata leg. (cYH); 5 unsexed, Chinaze, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 6.vii.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion trap (KUM); 9 unsexed (one specimen preserved in 99.5% EtOH for DNA sequencing), Chinaze, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 7.vii.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion trap (KUM); 2 unsexed, Mt. Yuwan-dake, Yamato-son (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 20.vi.1998 , K. Mizota leg., alt. 450m , from carrion trap (KUM); 1 male , Mt. Yuwan-dake, Yamato-son (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 8.viii.1998 , T. Uebi leg. (KUM); 1 male , Mt. Yuwan-dake, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 27.iv.1964 , K. Sako leg. (cYH); 1 unsexed, Mt. Yuwan-dake, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 22.vi.1980 , S. Imasaka leg. (KUM); 1 male , 1 unsexed, Mt. Yuwan-dake, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 29.iii.1999 , (cYH); 3 unsexed, Mt. Yuwan-dake, Amami-shi (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 29.iii.1999 , N. Ôbayashi leg. (EUM); 1 male , 11 unsexed, foot of Mt. Yakugachonboshi-yama, Uken-son (Amami-ôshima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 25-27.ii.2004 , H. Kamezawa leg. (cHK); 2 unsexed, foot of Mt. Yakugachonboshi-yama, Uken-son (Amamiô-shima Is.), Kagoshima-ken, 27.ii.2004 , H. Kamezawa leg. (cHK); 1 male , Mt. Omoto-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 23.iii.1975 , H. Ôishi leg. (KUM); 1 male , 1 female , 21 unsexed, Mt. Omoto-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 2–5.ii.2009 , H. Ono leg., from flight interception trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mt. Omoto-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 28.iii.1999 , K. Emoto leg., from baited trap (silkworm pupa powder) (cTW); 1 unsexed, Mt. Omoto-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 14.iv.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion baited trap (KUM); 28 unsexed, Mt. Omoto-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 17.iv.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion baited trap (KUM); 1 female , Shiramizu, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 11.ix.1993 , M. Ôhara leg. (KUM); 1 male , 5 unsexed, Takeda-rindô forestry road (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Ishigaki-shi, Okinawa-ken, 24.iii–1.iv.2007 , T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Takeda-rindô forestry road (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Ishigaki-shi, Okinawa-ken, 24.iii–1.iv.2007 , T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 male , 3 females , 13 unsexed, Mt. Yarabu-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 11.iv.2009 , S. Yamamoto leg. (KUM); 2 males , Mt. Yarabu-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 16.iv.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion baited trap (KUM); 4 males , 1 female , 25 unsexed, Mt. Yarabu-dake, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 17.iv.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion baited trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 27.iii–13.vi.1996 , K. Takahashi leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 14.iii.1997 , K. Takahashi leg. (KUM); 1 female , Ishigaki-shi (Ishigaki-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 25.v.1997 , K. Takahashi leg. (KUM); 1 female , 1 unsexed, Kanpireno-taki Fall, Taketomi-chô (Iriomote-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 28.iii.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion trap (KUM); 1 male , 28 unsexed, Kanpireno-taki Fall, Taketomi-chô (Iriomote-jima Is.), Okinawaken, 29.iii.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion trap (KUM); 1 male , 2 females , Komi, Taketomi-chô (Iriomote-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 3–5.iv.2009 , S. Yamamoto leg., from flight interception trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Komi, Taketomi-chô (Iriomote-jima Is.), Okinawa-ken, 22.iv.2014 , S. Yamamoto leg., from chicken carrion trap (KUM). Old material. JAPAN : 2 unsexed, “ JAPAN [HW] / MIMASAKA [HW] / Enuimura [HW] / 14. VII. ’12 [HW] / JEA Lewis // J. E. A. Lewis / Collection from / Kyoto Univ., 1977” ( NSMT ); 2 unsexed, “Mimasaka / Enuimura [HW] / 10. VII. ’12 [HW] / discalis [HW] // 1720 [HW] // J. E. A. Lewis / Collection from / Kyoto Univ., 1977” ( NSMT ). Diagnosis. Aleochara postica is one of the most problematic species for identification, but it can be distinguished from the other Japanese congeners, especially A. parens and A. curtula , mainly based on characters of genitalia in both sexes: dorsal surface somewhat deeply punctured; head with unevenly, rather sparsely, punctured deeply except for median portion of vertex; elytra sometimes with somewhat indistinct, darkened, relatively expanded maculations laterally and basally, lateral maculations not reaching to shoulders of each elytron (not A. curtula ); median lobe of male aedeagus narrowly elongate, apical lobe dilated near apex (not A. lata ), with a pair of characteristics sclerites at apex ( Fig. 83 ); spermatheca with apical part complicatedly coiled. This species is often found on the distant and isolated small islands far from the mainland of Japan . Redescription. Measurements (in mm, n = 20): BL = 6.98 (6.07–8.50); HL = 0.90 (0.78–1.05); HW = 1.03 (0.89–1.21); PL = 1.25 (1.11–1.44); PW = 1.76 (1.51–2.00); EL = 0.93 (0.80–1.10); EW = 1.93 (1.61–2.22). Body ( Figs 5–6 , 14–15 ): fusiform, robust, medium to large in size; dorsal surface weakly glossy and pubescent, without any types of micro-reticulation, rather deeply and strongly punctured. Color ( Figs 5–6 , 14–15 ): some variations exist: typical type (i) (see Figs 6 , 15 ) usually uniformly brownish brown to blackish brown including elytra; (ii) (see Figs 5 , 14 ) usually uniformly brownish brown to blackish brown, but elytra yellowish brown to pale brown, infuscate laterally (but not basally) to form distinct darkened maculations (sometimes along with margins of scutellar plate darkened together), lateral maculations not parallel sided on each elytron, middle to posterior area of maculations expanded inward, not reaching to shoulders of each elytron; other types classified within intermediate variations between (i) and (ii); antennae with antennomeres I–III yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, antennomere IV much darker, antennomeres V–XI slightly darker than those of I–III but densely covered with minute whitish setae; mouth parts and legs yellowish brown to dark brownish brown; pubescence yellowish brown. FIGURES 79–85. Terminalia of Aleochara ( Aleochara ) postica : 79, male tergite VIII, dorsal view; 80, female tergite VIII, dorsal view; 81, male sternite VIII, ventral view; 82, female sternite VIII, ventral view; 83, median lobe of male aedeagus, lateral view; 84, ditto, parameral view; 85, female spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (79–82); 0.2 mm (83–84); 0.1 mm (85). Head ( Figs 23–24 ): semicircular, as long as width (HW/HL = 1.15, n = 20), widest at posterior part of eyes; setae on vertex rather dense but inconspicuous, directed anteriomedially; punctation large in size, unevenly scattered sparsely; vertex without punctation at middle, surrounded by large punctation, scattered unevenly. Eyes: medium in length, occupying approximately half length of head, slightly protruding laterally. Antennae ( Fig. 41 ): short, moderately shorter than head and pronotum combined; thick, setose, with antennomere IV moderately transverse, but antennomeres V to X strongly transverse each of approximately same width (very slightly but widest around antennomeres VII and VIII); antennomere XI symmetrical, obtusely rounded at apex; approximate relative length of antennomeres from basal to apex: 21 (including base): 9: 9.5: 4: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 13. Pronotum ( Figs 5–6 ): transversely oval (PW/PL = 1.40, n = 20), strongly narrowing anterad, moderately longer than sutural length of elytra, widest basad, basal margin weakly rounded; pubescence dense, directed laterally and posterolaterally; punctation relatively large and prominent, covered with densely and uniformly. Mesoventrite ( Figs 32–33 ): inter coxal process rather narrowly elongate, with rounded apex, completely reaching to inter coxal process of metaventrite. Elytra ( Figs 5–6 ): together, transverse (EW/EL = 2.07, n = 20), rather small, slightly smaller than pronotum, widest at middle; fine pubescence scattered densely, diverging posteriorly in each elytron; dorsal surface rough and impressed relatively coarsely and deeply; posterolateral corners of each elytron not sinuate. Legs ( Figs 5–6 ): simple, short, moderately slender; fore and midtibia, densely covered with undeveloped spines, respectively. Abdomen ( Figs 5–6 ): first three visible tergites deeply impressed transversely at base; dorsal and ventral surface moderately covered with thin and long setae. Male : tergite VIII ( Fig. 79 ): posterior margin smooth, not serrate at all, very weakly emarginate medially or almost truncate; dorsal surface covered with setae densely, with approximately 10 macrosetae. Sternite VIII ( Fig. 81 ): posterior margin broadly rounded, with a row of minute sensory setae relatively densely (see Yamamoto & Maruyama, 2012 : 10), without a complex-cluster of minute setae near posterior margin; ventral surface densely covered with setae, with approximately 14 macrosetae. Median lobe of aedeagus ( Figs 83–84 ): [lateral view ( Fig. 83 )]: robust, narrowly elongate, subparallel sided, but relatively strongly narrowing apically at apical 1/4 to 1/5 of median lobe; apical lobe pointed, narrowed at middle of apical lobe, not hook-shaped but apically dilated slightly at apex; a pair of large, prominent, and characteristic sclerites situated near apex of median lobe; [parameral view ( Fig. 84 )]: narrowly elongate, tear-drop shaped; apical lobe abruptly sharply pointed near apex; a series of complex sclerites, not reaching to basal 1/4 of median lobe. Female : tergite VIII ( Fig. 80 ): posterior margin weakly rounded; dorsal surface covered with setae densely, with approximately 9 macrosetae. Sternite VIII ( Fig. 82 ): posterior margin broadly weakly rounded; ventral surface covered with setae rather densely, with approximately 9 macrosetae. Spermatheca ( Fig. 85 ): complicatedly modified, without apical invagination of spermatheca; basal part of spermathecal stem extremely long, gently curved; each part of spermatheca uniformly and weakly sclerotized; inner wall of apical and basal part of spermatheca rather densely striate. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaidô, Honshû, Shikoku, Kyûshû; Mikura-jima Is., Tsu-shima Is., Amami-ôshima Is., Ishigaki-jima Is., Iriomote-jima Is.); Korea , China , Taiwan , Sri Lanka , Oriental region. Host records. No host record is available. Remarks for type material. The holotype of A. postica ( Fig. 113 ) is a female specimen in bad condition, but the abdomen is preserved without damage and in good enough condition to diagnose its species features. There are two syntypes of A. clavigera for the lectotype , and one paralectotype was designated by Park & Ahn (2009) . The lectotype is female ( Fig. 114 ), and the paralectotype is male, but the condition of the paralectotype is poor, as the aedeagus was destroyed due to inadequate dissection by PR. The whole bodies of both specimens were soaked in KOH also by PR, and changed to a uniform brown color. The general structure of the spermatheca of the A. clavigera lectotype ( Fig. 114 ) agrees well with that of the A. postica holotype ( Fig. 85 ). The wrinkles of the inner wall are somewhat denser in A. postica , but this could be considered a geographic variation. The shape of the aedeagal median lobe of A. nitouensis described from Sichuan and A. marginicollis from northern Sulawesi agreed well with that of the paralectotype male of A. clavigera , which corresponded well with the lectotype in terms of external characteristics. Thus, these three names, A. clavigera , A. nitouensis , and A. marginicollis , are synonymized with A. postica here. Park & Ahn (2009) redescribed “ A. clavigera ” and synonymized A. niponensis Sharp, 1888 with it. However, A. niponensis is quite a different species (see Remarks for type material of A. niponensis ) and their synonymic arrangement is erroneous. Comments. This species is found abundantly at localities in Japan , but only patchy localities are known in mainland Japan ( Fig. 125 ). Color variation of elytra in A. postica was found (e.g., Figs 5–6 ). Although we found these color variations, no difference was detected in female-male genital structures; thus, we recognize them as merely color variations within A. postica .