The enigmatic Otway odd-clawed spider (Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997, Gradungulidae, Araneae): Natural history, first description of the female and micro-computed tomography of the male palpal organ Author Michalik, Peter Author Piacentini, Luis Author Lipke, Elisabeth Author Ramirez, Martin J. text ZooKeys 2013 335 101 112 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6030 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6030 1313-2970-335-101 Progradungula otwayensis Milledge, 1997 Type material. Male holotype: AUSTRALIA: Victoria. Otway Ranges, Aire Crossing Track, 0.5 km N of Aire River crossing, 38°42'S , 143°29'E , 31 Jan 1995, G. Milledge (MV K3260, not examined). Material examined. AUSTRALIA: VICTORIA: Great Otway National Park: Little Aire Cascade Trail, E of Lavers Hill, 38.67032°S , 143.49810°E (GPS, +/- 100m), elev. 330m, 11 Feb 2013, Nothofagus , Eucalyptus , tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J. Ramirez (MJR-Loc-125), two females (MACN-Ar 30666); Triplet Falls Trail, E of Lavers Hill, 38.67188°S , 143.49673°E (GPS, +/- 300m), elev. 300m (GPS), 10 Feb 2013, Nothofagus , Eucalyptus , tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J. Ramirez (MJR-Loc-124), three females (MACN-Ar 30667, ZIMG II/28128, ZIMG II/28129); Maits Rest Trail, W Apollo Bay, 38.75492°S , 143.55495°E (GPS, +/- 200m), elev. 240m, 13-14 Feb 2013, Nothofagus , tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J. Ramirez (MJR-Loc-126), one female (ZIMG II/28130); Melba Gully Trail, 38°41.726'S , 143°22.312'E (GPS, +/- 200m), elev. 328m, 15 Feb 2013, Nothofagus , tree ferns wet forest, hand collecting, P.Michalik & M.J. Ramirez (MJR-Loc-128), one male (ZIMG II/28127). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from Progradungula carraiensis by the single process on the embolus of the male palpal organ and the presence of eight spermathecae in the female genitalia. Female (Figs 3-4). Figure 3. Somatic characters of the female of Progradungula otwayensis . A Lateral view of prosoma and opisthosoma (ZIMG II/28128) B Dorsal view of prosoma (MV) C Ventral view of Prosoma (MV) D Frontal view of ocular area (ZIMG II/28128) E Ventral view of opisthosoma F Tarsus of leg I G Tarsus of leg IV H Calamistrum. I Ventral view of spinnerets. Scale bar in F-H is 500 µm . Figure 4. Female genitalia. A Lateral view of the dome-shaped genital area (compare also to Fig. 3A) (MACN-Ar 30667) B Sagital section through genital area obtained by micro-CT (MACN-Ar 30667) C Posterior view of genital area (MACN-Ar 30667). Spermathecae in anterior (D) and ventral view (E) (ZIMG II/28128). Abbreviation: B bursa; EF epigastric furrow; GP genital pockets; Gl glands; PF postepigastric fold; Sp spermathecae; Ue uterus externus. Measurements (mm, in MV). Carapace length 6.92; carapace width 4.66; caput width 2.66; abdomen length 8.51; abdomen width 7.18. Legs: length of segments ( femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): I 11.97 + 14.10 + 11.57 + 2.66 = 40.30, II 9.31 + 10.77 + 8.25 + 2.53 = 30.86, III 7.98 + 9.18 + 7.85 + 2.13 = 27.14, IV 9.98 + 10.91 + 9.44 + 2.13 = 32.46, palp 2.93 + 2.66 + - + 2.79 = 8.38. Colour pattern. Carapace yellowish brown, darker on cephalic area, particularly in eye region. Chelicerae, maxillae and labium reddish brown. Sternum reddish brown marginally, paler centrally. Legs yellowish brown. Abdomen fawn-coloured with dark brown dorsal pigmentation consisting of 3 chevron markings. Carapace longer than wide, widest between coxae II and III. Cephalic area elevated behind eyes (Fig. 3A). Clypeus sloping, as long as the median ocular quadrangle, with a strongly curved anterior border. Fovea pit-like. Eyes. Frontal view (Fig. 3D): anterior row slightly recurved, posterior row slightly procurved. Dorsal view (Fig. 3B): anterior row recurved, posterior row slightly recurved. AME <PME <ALE = PLE 0.23: 0.32: 0.35: 0.35. Interdistances: AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.33, ALE-PLE 0.08, PLE-PME 0.40, PME-PME 0.28. Median ocular quadrangle: length 0.58 mm, anterior width 0.55 mm, posterior width 0.87 mm. Clypeus height 0.50. AME black, remainder white. Chelicerae. Strong, vertical, slightly divergent. Three strong prolateral teeth, evenly spaced. Five very small retromarginal teeth (or denticles) in row on basal half of groove, with a spine on the apico-dorsal side. Stridulatory ridges absent. Maxillae. Subparallel, external margin strongly curved and ending anteriorly in a bluntly pointed apex (Fig. 3C). Serrula present. Labium. Free. Length 0.83, width 0.87. Apical margin indented, lateral margin subparallel below, sloping in toward apex above (Fig. 3C). Sternum. Length 3.33, width 2.20. Elongate, shield-shaped with pointed apex which extends back midway between coxae IV (Fig. 3C). Legs. 1423. Trochanters shallowly notched. Superior claws of 1st and 2nd legs dissimilar, with raptorial proclaws long and strongly developed (Fig. 3F), retroclaws shorter. Inferior claws of legs I and II slender and strongly hooked. Superior claws of legs III and IV similar (Fig. 3G). Accessory claw setae on all tarsi. Distal half of tarsus I and II with strong ventral setae. Calamistrum short, located in second quarter of metatarsus 4 (Fig. 3H). Pattern of spination. (Approximate, slightly asymmetrical.) Femur I d (r2p1)-r2-r1-p1-1-2-p1-2-p1-2-2-3ap v 0-p1-0-0-0; patella r 1; tibia d 2-0-2-p1-0-p1-3 v 2-0-0-2-p1-0-2-0; metatarsus d r1-p1-p1-0-0-0-0 v p1-r1-p1-p1-r1-p1-r1-2ap; II; femur d (r2p1)-r2-2-p1-2-p1-2- 2-p1-3 v 0-p1-1-0-0; patella p 1; tibia d 2-p1-1-2-2-p1-p1-1-3 v 2-0-p1-r1-p1-2-0-2ap; metatarsus d 2-p1-2-r1-p1-r1-p1-p1-2ap v p1-r1-2-2-r1-p1-3ap; III; femur d (r3p1)-1-r1-2-p1-2-2-2-r1-3 v r1-p1-2-0-0; patella p 1 d 1 r 1; tibia d 2-1-p1-3-2-2 v 2-0-p1-r1-p1-2ap; metatarsus d 2-p1-p1-r1-p1-2- 2ap v 2-p1-p1-r1-p1-p1-r1-3ap; tarsus v 0-r1-0; IV femur d (r4p2)-r2-1-r2-p1-2-2-2-3 v 0-p1-p1-0-0-0; patella p 1 d 1; tibia d 2-2-p1-1-3-r1 v 2-0-0-p1-p1-2ap; metatarsus d 2-p1-2-r1-2ap v p1-2-p1-p1-p1-2-r1-3ap; tarsus v 0-1-0. Palp. Single claw. Spines: femur d 0-0-1-1-3ap patella p 1 d 1-1, tibia d 1-1, p 0-2-0; tarsus d 2-2-1-2-3ap v 2-2-2ap. Abdomen . Cribellum undivided, with narrow spinning field, as wide as basal span of anterior spinnerets (Figs 3E, 3I). Spiracles of posterior lung books well separated but joined by a transverse groove. Genital area swollen and only faintly sclerotized near the epigastric furrow (Fig. 3E). Genitalia. Genital area distinct and dome-shaped (Figs 3A, 4A). Internal genitalia simple, with eight spermathecae grouped in two quartets (Figs 4 D-E ). The outer spermathecae are ovoid and have a short duct. The inner spermathecae can be grouped leading into the bursa through a long, slender convoluted duct (Fig. 4). Glandular projections are mainly present on the spermathecal ducts. A fold with two distinct sclerotized pockets is situated anterior/ventral to the spermathecae. A blind-ended invagination, the postepigastric furrow, is situated immediately posterior to the epigastric furrow. Male (ZIMG II/28127; Fig. 5). Figure 5. Right male palp of Progradungula otwayensis (ZIMG II/28127). A Prolateral view; the arrow marks the section plane of Fig. 5B B Section of the volume rendered male palp C Surface model of the spermophor superimposed on the volume rendering of the male palp (prolateral, ventral and retrolateral views). The cymbium, subtegulum and tegulum are partly removed in the prolateral view to show tendons, muscles and hematodochae. The arrow points to the opening of the embolus. Abbreviation: Cb cymbium; E embolus; m29 muscle 29; m30 muscle 30; mA median apophysis; mH median hematodocha; PE process of embolus; S spermophor; St subtegulum; Te tegulum; tm29 tendon of muscle 29; tm30 tendon of muscle 30. Male palp. Tegulum with short median apophysis. Embolus tube-like with a solid single hook-shaped process; tip of the embolus widened and hyaline; fundus sac-like, spermophor with an internal band delimited by two parallel ridges (Fig. 5B), distal part of the spermophor within the embolus partly convoluted and very thin (approximately 8µm in diameter); m30 and tm30 in cymbium; m29 in tibia and attaching to the spermophor. Natural history. The web structure is similar to Progradungula carraiensis (for details see Gray 1983 ) and web construction is performed after sunset. The catching ladders and supporting webs (Figs 2 B-C ) are connected by a single sturdy thread to retreats in hollow trees Fig. 2A), often far away (up to 3 meters). As already described by Milledge (1997) , we found most of the specimens in hollows of old Nothofagus cunninghamii trees (Fig. 2A), but also several in hollows of mountain ash ( Eucalyptus regnans ) trees, the bases of large tree ferns (Fig. 2B) and under bridges on trails. On one occasion, we had access to a large hollow mountain ashtree and found catching ladders and supporting webs of juveniles inside of it. Distribution. Endemic to the Great Otway National Park (Victoria). In addition to the locations reported by Milledge (1997) , we found several specimens (one male, several juveniles) at the Melba Gully Trail which is located at the western end of the National Park (Fig. 1).