The genus Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 in the Mediterranean and the Maghreb in particular (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) Author Bosmans, Robert Author Kherbouche-Abrous, Ourida Author Benhalima, Souâd Author Hervé, Christophe text Zootaxa 2018 2018-07-30 4451 1 1 67 journal article 29293 10.11646/zootaxa.4451.1.1 62552028-dd96-4a85-bd83-5e86bd957be4 1175-5326 1445080 5DCE18B3-9DBA-48F5-AEF7-90A50B984EA5 Haplodrassus rufipes ( Lucas, 1846 ) , comb. n. Figs 126‒135 , 140‒144 , map 6 Drassus rufipes Lucas, 1846 : 215 , pl. 13, fig. 2 ( ♀ ). Drassus corticalis Lucas, 1846 : 216 , pl. 13, fig. 3 ( ♀ ), syn. n. Drassus severus C. L. Koch, 1843 : 126 , fig. 838 (not Drassus severus C. L. Koch, 1839 from Greece ; misidentification of material from Italy ). Drassus similis L. Koch, 1866 : 103 , pl. 4, fig. 67 (♂♀, from Italy), syn. n. Haplodrassus gridellii Caporiacco, 1949 : 117 ( ♀ ), syn. n. Types . Holotype ♀ of Drassus rufipes Lucas from Algeria , Constantine ( N36°21’54” E6°36’53” ) ( MNHN AR14588 ) ; MNHN, Coll. Lucas ; examined. Type series of Drassus corticalis Lucas from Algeria , La Calle (= El Kala ) 1♂ ( MNHN AR14571 ) , 1♂ (MNHN AR14752), 1♂ (MNHN AR14753), 1♀ (MNHN AR14754) 4♂ (MNHN AR14755), Coll. Lucas ; examined. Syntypes ♂ and ♀ of Drassus similis from Italy , Sicilia ; not examined. Diagnosis. Medium to large species. Males are recognised by the terminal and subterminal denticles of the embolic apophysis and the basal tooth of the embolus ( Figs 129, 131 , 140, 142 ). Females are recognised by a combination of characters, the wide hood, the fovea wider than long and the denticulate margin ( Figs 132 , 143 ), but this character is only visible in virgin females (compare Figs 132 and 134 ). FIGURES 126–135 . Haplodrassus rufipes (male from France, Saint-André, females from Spain, Torremolinos). 126. Male, dorsal aspect; 127. Female, dorsal aspect; 128. Male left palp, retrolateral view; 129. Idem, ventral view, embolus partly broken off; 130. Male palpal tibia, dorsolateral view; 131. Embolic apophysis of male palp, ventral view, embolus partly broken off; 132. Epigyne, ventral view, specimen without concretions; 133. Vulva, dorsal view; 134. Epigyne, specimen with concretions; 135. Idem, vulva, ventral view. FIGURES 136–144. Figs 136‒139. Haplodrassus rhodanicus (male from Portugal, Alcochete, female from France, Leucate). 136. Male left palp, ventral view; 137. Male palpal tibia, dorsolateral view; 138. Epigyne, ventral view; 139. Vulva, ventral view. Figs. 140‒144. Haplodrassus rufipes (Lucas) (male from France, Saint-André, female from Spain, Torremolinos). 140. Male left palp, ventral view; 141. Male palpal tibia, dorsolateral view; 142. Embolic apophysis, ventral view; 143. Epigyne, ventral view; 144. Vulva, ventral view. Remarks on synonymy. C. L. Koch (1839) described the female of Drassus severus from Nafplio in Greece , and somewhat later (1843), also the male. The descriptions are accompanied by drawings of the general habitus of male and female, but not of the copulatory organs. On the drawings, spines on tibiae I and II are clearly visible and these are always absent in Haplodrassus species. Hence, the transfer to Haplodrassus cannot be justified. Furthermore, Simon (1914) states that the male and female were incorrectly matched: “C. Koch a plus tard (Ar. X, p. 126, fig. 838) attribué au D. severus un mâle très different, beaucoup plus voisin de D. lapidosus ”. C. L. Koch (1843) writes indeed: “Die taster ziemlich wie bei D. lapidicola ”. The taxonomic position of Drassus severus is retained in the genus Drassodes and declared a nomen dubium . The holotype female of Drassus rufipes Lucas, 1846 was examined and appears to be a subadult specimen with the epigyne completely developed under the integument. Abundant material of Drassus corticalis Lucas, 1846 was also found it the MNHN and this is considered to be the type series as well. All female specimens are identical to Drassus rufipes and by page priority D. corticalis becomes a junior synonym. C. L. Koch’s son ( L. Koch 1866 ) described Drassus similis from Italy and was the first to present drawings of the male palp. Again, this is identical to the one of D. corticalis and D. similis also becomes a junior synonym of H. rufipes . Later, several authors cited H. severus from different localities ( Simon 1885 , 1899 , 1909 , 1914 ; Di Franco 1994 ), and these are all attributed to H. rufipes . The distribution of the species is visualised on map 8 and the type locality of Drassus severus in Greece falls out of the actually known distribution area of H. rufipes , another evidence this is another species. Without examining the type material, Levy (2004) synonymised Haplodrassus gridellii Caporiacco, 1949 with H. pugnans ( Simon, 1880 ) . However: (1) according to Caporiacco’s description of H. gridellii , the type specimen is 10.6 mm long, whereas H. pugnans has a maximal length of 9 mm ( Levy 2004 ; Kamura 2007 ) (2) The type locality of H. gridellii in Libya falls out of the distribution area of H. pugnans ( Sinai to Japan ) (3) H. pugnans is not present in our abundant material from the Maghreb. There are two large Haplodrassus species in the Maghreb: Haplodrassus severus and H. signifer (table 1). Since Caporiacco (1949) states H. gridellii is related to H. signifer , and he never found H. severus , H. gridellii is considered a junior synonym of that species. Description. Measurements: Male (n=20): Total length 6.1‒8.9 mm ; carapace 2.7‒3.9 long; 2.3‒2.7 wide. Female (n=20): Total length 7.2‒10 mm ; carapace 2.4‒4.4 long, 2.2‒3.3 wide. Colour: Carapace dark reddish brown, cephalic part darkened; chelicerae dark brown, legs reddish brown; abdomen grey to dark grey, posterior part often with traces of 4‒5 paler chevrons. Spinulation: General pattern, but variable in tibiae and metatarsi III and IV. Male palp ( Figs 128‒131 , 140‒142 ): Tibial apophysis robust, somewhat dilating to the rounded top ( Figs 130 , 141 ); embolic apophysis elongated, curved, terminally pointed and with subterminal denticle ( Figs 131 , 142 ); embolus with basal tooth at prolateral margin (fig. 131). Epigyne ( Figs 132‒135 , 143‒144 ): Large, somewhat longer than wide; hood and pro-fovea wide, the latter with some transverse folds and narrower in the middle by the protruding hood; fovea as long as wide, antero-lateral margin with strong tooth (fig. 132) but mostly completed filled by a mating plug in mated females (fig. 134); areola deep dark-brown, elongated, anteriorly truncate and with two oblique grooves; lateral pockets semi-circular, with basal chamber ( Figs 133 , 144 ). Citations in the Maghreb (all as H. severus ). ALGERIA, Batna , Timgad (N35°29’34” E6°28’11”) ( Di Franco 1994 ), Boumerdes , Cap Matifou (N36°48’42” E3°13’23”) ( Simon 1899 ), Constantine, surroundings of Constantine (N36°21’54” E6°36’53”) (type locality of Drassus rufipes Lucas, 1846 ), Djelfa , Takersane (N34°24’44” E2°54’16”) ( Simon 1899 ), Jijel , Texenna, Mont M’sid Ech Cheta (N36°40’53” E5°48’17”) ( Di Franco 1994 ), M’sila , surrounding of Baniou (N35°24'55” E4°20'39”) ( Di Franco 1994 ), Tizi Ouzou , Massif du Djurdjura, Bou Adenane (N26°30’10” E4°14’57”) ( Di Franco 1994 ), Yakouren (N36°45'44” E4°24'57”) ( Di Franco 1994 ). LYBIA, Shahhat , Wadi Ben Gadir near Cyrene ( Caporiacco 1949, as H. gridellii ). MOROCCO, without precise locality ( Simon 1909 ), Beni Mellal-Khénifra , Oued Sefrou (N32°33'0" E6°9'0") ( Simon 1911 ), Fès-Meknès , Nzala Beni Ammar (N34°07’24” W5°25’54”) ( Di Franco 1994 ), Tanger-Tétouane-Al Hoceima , Bab Berred ( Di Franco 1994 ), Ketama ( Di Franco 1994 ), road Ketama-Bab Besen (N34°57'53” W4°39'29”) ( Di Franco 1994 ). TUNISIA, Jendouba , Aïn Draham, Col des Ruines (N36°47'30” E8°41'5”) ( Di Franco 1994 ), Aïn Draham (N36’46’43” E8°41’14”) ( Simon 1885 ), Siliana , Maktar (N35°51’2” E9°12’03”) ( Di Franco 1994 ). Further material examined. AFRICA : ALGERIA , Alger , Bab Ezzouar, universtiy campus ( N36°42’45” E3°10’54” ), 25m , 1♂ , pitfalls in rough grassland, 28.IV.1987 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), idem, 1♂ 3♀ , 7.VII.2008 ‒ 22.V.2009 ( COA ), El Harrach ( N36°42’46” E3°8’56” ), 25m , 7♂ , pitfalls under Juniperus in garden of I.N. A ., 7.III‒ 11.IV.1984 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Oued Smar ( N36°41’21” E3°8’58” ), 30m , 1♂ , pitfalls in wheat fields, 12.IV.2008 , I. Feriel leg. ( CRB ), Aïn Témouchent , Aïn Tolba ( N35°14'56” W1°15'1” ), 250m , 1♂ , stones in dry grassland, 19.I.1990 ( CRB ), Annaba , Chetaibi ( N37°2'42” E7°21'59” ), 810m , 2♀ , stones in grassland, 1.III.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Hippône N., Edough National park (36'55'38” E7°43'11” ), 820m , 1♂ , seeving litter in Quercus faginea forest, 23. XI.1989 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Batna , Djébel Chélia ( N35°21'52” E6°38'43” ), 1600m , 1♂ , pitfalls in Cedrus atlantica forest, 1.VII.1988 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Blida , Atlas Blidéen, Chréa, Pic Abdelkader ( N36°24’14” E2°50’6” ), 1550m , 2♂ , stones in grassland, 15.II.1987 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Atlas Blidéen, Djébel Ferroukha, Ghellaï ( N36°28’10” E2°56’18” ), 1350m , 1♂ , pitfalls in Cedrus atlantica plantation, 29.IV.1987 , idem, 1600m , 1♂ , 27.VI.89 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Djébel Mouzaia (36°22’0” E2°41’45” ), 1250m , 8♂ 2♀ , stones around lake, 14.V.1988 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Meurdja ( N36°29'59” E3°8'54” ), 955m , 1♂ , stones in recent Cedrus atlantica plantation, 1.IV.1982 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Bordj Bou Arreridj , Sidi Embarek ( N36°6'5” E4°54'30” ), 900m , 1♂ , stones in fields, 27.II.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Boumerdes , between Toulmout and Keddara ( N36°37'17" E3°27'46” ), 500m , 1♂ 1 subadult ♀ , stones in grassland, 27.IV.1989 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Djelfa , Djébel Sénalba ( N34°33'50” E3°2'9” ), 1330m , 1♂ , pitfalls in Pinus halepensis forest, 28.III.1989 , 1♂ , 9.IV.1991 , N. Bouragba leg. ( CRB ), Djébel Djellal ( N34°23'32” E2°58'42” ), 1350‒1450m , 1♂ , pitfals in Pinus halepensis plantation, III.1989 ‒ IV.1990 , N. Bouragba leg. ( CRB ), El Tarf , El Kala, west side of lake Tonga ( N36°52'35” E8°29'28” ), 10m , 1♀ , wet grassland along the lake, 27.III.1988 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), E. El Kala, Lac Melah ( N36°52'55” E8°20'37” ), 3m , 1♀ , litter in Quercus suber forest, 6.IV.1982 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Medea , Col de Beni Chicao ( N36°12'12” E2°53'0” ), 1230m , 1♂ , litter in small Quercus ilex forest, 21.XII.1987 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Mostagenem , Stidia ( N35°48'39” W 03'0”), 25m , 1♂ , pitfalls in Pistacea lentisca maquis in dunes, 25.V.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), M’sila , S. Aïn Oghrab ( N35°0’52” E4°6’24” ), 650m , 1♂ , pitfalls in Pinus halepensis forest, 20.III‒23.VI.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), between Aumale (= Sour-El Ghozlane) and Bou Saada ( N35°20’36” E6°4’46” ), Aïn Oghrab ( N35°0’52” E4°6’24” ), 1♂ , E. Simon leg., Coll. Simon 12988 ( MNHN AR15702), Saida , Tircine ( N34°54'4” E0°33'16” ), 900m , 1♀ , stones bordering fields, 4.IV.1989 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Sétif , Djébel Babor, south slope ( N31°30'35” E5°29'15” ), 1300m , 1♀ , liter in irrigated garden, 19.IV.1982 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Skikda , Ben Azouz, 200m , 2♂ 2♀ , open Eucalyptus plantation, 2.III.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Bouchata, 400m , 2♂ , stones in grassland, 12.III.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Tébessa , Tébessa , forêt de Bekkaria ( N35°21'20” E8°14'40” ), 1300m , 1♂ , pitfalls in Pinus halepensis forest, 1.V.1989 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Tissemsilt , Massif de l'Ouarsenis, Bou Caid ( N35°53'2” E1°37'49” ), 1400m , 2♀ , sieving litter in Cedrus atlantica forest, 24.III.1988 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Djébel Ouarsenis, Théniet-el-Had, 1550m ( N35°52'15” E1°56'41” ), 1♀ , stones in grassland, 3.V.1984 ( CRB ), Tizi Ouzou , Massif du Djurdjura, Tala Guilef ( N36°28’36” E3°59'48” ), 1400m , 6♂ , stones in grassland, 23.V.1984 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), idem, 1♂ , litter in Cedrus atlantica forest, 29.IV.1984 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), idem, 1420m , 35♂ 27♀ , pitfalls in grassland, XI.1992 ‒ XI.1993 , O. Abrous leg. ( CRB ), Djébel Heizer, 1800m , 2♂ , stones in montane grassland, 17.IV.1989 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Col de Tizi N’Kouilal ( N36°28'26” E4°14'9” ), 1510m , 1♂ , pitfalls in grassland, 1.XII.1991 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Tlemcen , N. Sebdou, source de l'Oued Tafna ( N34°41’30” W1°18’48” ), 1700m , 1♂ , under stones, 18.I.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), S. Tlemcen , Terny plain ( N34°48'16” W1°22'1” ), 1175m , 1♂ , stones in grassland, 18.I.1990 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ). MOROCCO , Béni Mellal-Khénifra , Moulay Bouazza, Oued Tarralha ( N33°15’23” W6°7’54” ), 1♀ , 8.III.1952 , J. B. Panouse leg. ( ISRM ), Fès-Meknès , plaine du Saïss, Aïn Taoujdate ( N33°56’8” W5°12’41" ), 480m , 4♂ 4♀ , pitfalls in wheat fields, 30.IV.1997 , S. Boksch leg. ( CRB ), Azrou NE. ( N33°28'00” E5°9'49” ), 1400m , stones in Quercus ilex forest, 18.IV.2012 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Azrou N. ( N33°28'1” W5°12'8” ), 1400m , 3♂ , stones in grassland, 7.II.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), road Azrou-Khénifra ( N33°12'53” W5°35'52” ), 1200m , 1♂ 1 subadult ♀ , 18.II.1952 , J. B. Panouse leg. ( ISRM ), N. Timahdite ( N33°14'11” W5°3'31” ), 1800m , 1♂ 1♀ , stones in grassland, 7.II.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Rabat-Salé-Kénitra , Oulmès ( N33°25’25” W 6°00’ 10), 1♂ , 11.III.1955 , J. B. Panouse leg. ( ISRM ), Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima , 10 km E. Bab Berred ( N34°59'40” W4°50'43” ), 1525m , 1♂ 1 subadult ♀ , stones in Quercus faginea forest, 15.V.1984 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Issaguen S. ( N34°53'25” W4°34'59” ), 1450m , 4♂ , stones in Cedrus atlantica forest, 15.XII.2013 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ). TUNISIA , Bizerte , Fejja-Aïn Guellal road ( N37°2'25” E9°55'17” ), 1♂ , stones bordering fields, 29.I.2003 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Lake Ichgeul ( N37°6'48” E9°42'8” ), 1♂ 1♀ , stones in the plains, 25.I.1995 , R. Bosmans & J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK , CRB ), 1♂ , 29.I.2003 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Jendouba , Aïn Sebaa E., Oued Titria ( N36°57’00” E8°56’00” ), 200m , 6♂ , stones in open Quercus suber forest, 28.II.2005 , R. Bosmans & J. Van Keer leg.( CJVK , CRB ), Esaouani, 300m , 10♂ , 6.III.2005 , R. Bosmans & J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK , CRB ), Chemtou ruins ( N36°29'40” E8°34'16” ), 250m , 3♂ , stones in Roman ruins, 6.III.2005 , J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK ), Forêt de Feidja ( N36°26'27” E8°22'55” ), 600m , 1♂ , stones in Quercus ilex forest, 5.II.2005 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Fernana N. ( N36°42'21” E8°40'47” ), 450m , 1♂ , stones in maquis, 6.III.2005 , J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK ), Ghardimaou W. ( N36°27'27” E8°24'54” ), 250m , 1♂ , stones in grassland, 5.III.2005 , J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK ), Kasserine , Haidra S. ( N35°32'41” E8°27'27” ), 950m , 1♂ , stones in pine forest, 4.III.2005 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Haidra ( N35°36’01” E8°23’53” ), roman ruins, 8♂ 3♀ , stones in ruins, 4.III.2005 , R. Bosmans & J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK , CRB ), Thala S. ( N35°33'37” E8°40'39” ), 950m , 5♂ , stones in steppe, 4.III.2005 , R. Bosmans & J. Van Keer leg. ( CJVK , CRB ), Le Kef , Le Kef , bifurcation to Ben Hazen, 1♂ , 21.IV.1981 , B. Valle leg. ( MCSNB ), Hammam Mellègue ( N36°6'59” E8°29'23” E), 800m , 1♂ , stones bordering small Pinus forest, 4.III.2005 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Touiref SE ( N36°16'44” E8°27'3” ), 650m , Oued Mellègue, 3♂ , 5.III.2005 ( CJVB , CRB ), Nabeul , Aïn Tebournok ( N36°34'47” E10°28’3” ), 100m , 1♂ , stones bordering a river, 28.I.2003 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Tazerka ( N36°38'30” E10°54'34” ), 1♂ , in litter in salt marsh, 26. I.2 0 0 3, R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Siliana , Kesra N. ( N35°49'27” E9°21'36” ), 1050m , 1♂ , stones bordering Pinus forest, 27.I.2003 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Tunis , La Goulette ( N36°9'51” E10°18'8” ), 25m , 2♂ , stones in Pinus plantation, 30.I.2003 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Zaghouan , Djébel Zaghouan ( N36°23'21” E10°8'12” ), 500m , 1♂ , stones in Pinus halepensis , forest, 24.I.1995 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Zriba Village ( N36°21'52” E10°14'47” ), 100m , 2♂ 1 subadult ♀ , stones along Oued El Hammam, 24.I.1995 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ). EUROPE : PORTUGAL , Faro , Tavira ( N37°6'57” W7°37'37” ), 5m , 3♂ , stones in salt marsh, 7.II.2006 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Santarém , Porto Alto S. (38°45'48” N8°54'18” W), 30m , 2♂ , pitfalls in a Quercus suber forest, 14‒22.IV.2013 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Setúbal , Alcochete NW (38°45'37” N8°56'6” W), 2m , 1♀ , pitfalls in salt marsh, 14‒22.IV.2013 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Gambia , Mourisca ( N38°32'59” W8°45'28” ), 2m , 2♂ , pitfalls in salt marsh, 14‒22.IV.2013 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Vila Real , Mondim de Basto, road to Nuestra Sierra de Gracia ( N41°25'22” W7°55'32” ), 480m , 1♂ , stones in grassland, 14.XI.2016 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ). SPAIN , Alicante , Aspe, 250m , 1♀ , stones in dry maquis, 4.IV.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Avila , Monbeltran (40°15‘35” N5°1’2” ), 1♂ , P. Poot leg. ( CRB ), Baleares , Mallorca, Embassement de Cuber ( N39°46'49” N2°46'58” E), 850m , 4♂ 1♀ , stones in grassland, 2.IV.2003 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Caceres , Monfragüe ( N9°49'31” W5°56'55” ), 250m , 1♀ , pitfalls near a spring, 15.IV.1994 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Cádiz , Algeciras ( N36°7’59” W5°27’1’’ ), 1♂ 5♀ , without date or collector ( NHML ), Tarifa ( N36°0’50” W5°36’25” ), 2♂ 1♀ , III.1983, 2 ♂ 1♀ , IV.1990 , P. Poot leg. ( CRB ), Ciudad Real , Laguna del Camino de Villafranca ( N39°24'48” W3°48'33” ), 1♂ , grassland around lake, 13.IV.1998 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Granada , Sierra de la Contreviesa, Puerta Camacho ( N36°50'6” W3°21'10” ), 1230m , 1♀ , stones in Pinus forest, 6.IV.1997 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Lacallahora ( N37°11'3” W3°3'50” ), 1200m , 1♀ , stones on slopes to castle, 5.IV.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Huesca , Ontiñena S. ( N41°38'35” E0°5'21” ), 300m , 3♀ , stones in dry river bed, 1.IV.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Jaen , Puerto de las Palomas ( N37°57'11” W2°56'17” ), 1290m , 3♀ , stones in wasteland, 12.IV.1999 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Málaga , Alozaina N. ( N36°44'53” W4°50'33” ), 250m , 1♀ , litter in Quercus suber forest, 11.IV.1998 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Archidona E. ( N37°6'34” W4°20'49” ), 2♂ , stones in grassland, 18. XII.1997 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Archidona E., La Pena ( N37°3'43” W4°28'50” ), 750m , 1♀ , stones in grassland, 11.IV.1998 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Benalmadena N. ( N37°3'43” W4°28'50” ), 1♂ , stones and litter near the beach, 20.XII.1997 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Casares ( N36°26’44” W5°16’13” ), 650m , 1♂ 1♀ , pitfalls in Quercus suber forest, V.1986 , J. De Beir leg. ( CRB ), Coin ( N36°40'37” W4°45'57” ), 150m , 2♂ , stones along Rio Seco 19.XII.1997 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), El Torcal de Antequera ( N36°57'50” W4°32'36” ), 900m , 1♀ , stones in grassland, 11.IV.1998 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Torrremolinos (36°37’13” W4°29’59” ), 1♂ 2♀ , IV.1975 , P. Hillyard leg. ( NHML ), Murcia , Cartagena ( N37°36’18” W0°59’10” ), 1♀ , E. Simon leg., Coll. Simon 13414 ( MNHN AR15703), Totana E., Sierra de la Tercia ( N37°44'29” W1°33'20” ), 300m , 2♀ , stones in maquis, 4.IV.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Rioja , Navarrete ( N42°25'41” W2°33'49” ), 420m , 1♀ , pitfalls in grassland, 7.IV.1992 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Salamanca , Ciudad Rodrigo N. E. ( N40°38'10” W6°29'12” ), 650m , 1♂ 1♀ , stones in maquis, 10.IV.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ), Zaragoza , Escatron, Monasterio Rueda ( N41°19'23” W0°20'37” ), 225m , 1♂ , stones in open Pinus forest, 1.IV.1996 , R. Bosmans leg. ( CRB ). FRANCE , mixed unknown localities (‘Gallia Meridionalis’), one of them Alpes-Maritimes , Menton, 1♂ 2♀ , as Drassodes macellinus hebes , Coll. Simon 2083 ( MNHN AR15707), Bouches-du-Rhône , Graveson ( N43°51’4” E4°46’18” ), 1♀ , 14.IV.1989 , P. Poot leg. ( CRB ), Pyrénées-Orientales , Saint-André, 1♂ , in swimming pool, 3.XII.15 , G. Melotti leg. (CPO). ITALY , Lazio , Viterbo, Tarquinia, Sant’Agostino, Foce Mignone ( N42°15’15” E11°45’23” ), 1♂ , 8.I.2004 , 1♂ , 17.III.2004 , pitfalls, L. Pavesi & D. Mariotti leg. ( MCSNB ), Sicilia , Palermo, Terrasini, Riserva Naturale Orientata Capo Rama ( N38°8'22” E13°3'38” ), 2♂ , 17‒27.II , 3♂ 13‒30.III , 2♂ 1♀ , 14‒24.IV.2012 , pitfalls in palm grove, C. Cusimano leg. ( MCSNB ). MAP 6 . Distribution of Haplodrassus rufipes (Lucas) (closed red circles: verified localties; open red cercles: unverified citations of H. severus from literature; yellow square: type locality of H. severus ). Ecology. The species occurs in all kind of habitats at low and high altitudes, even in cultivated land. In the Maghreb it is confined to the humid and subhumid climate zones. Distribution. The species occurs in the north of Algeria , Tunisia and Morocco , and in Portugal , Spain , France and Italy (map 6).