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<mods:title id="89E33AD6F7B5827952B4BD2EF4592733">Review of some little-known benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Southern Ocean</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310905FB1FE313DA4" bold="true" box="[151,480,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
(
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)
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(
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C, D, 2E, F, 3F)
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310905FC5FE5E3C1D" box="[151,399,763,784]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Perigonimus antarcticus</emphasis>
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: 4
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–6, pl. 1 figs 1–3, pl. 4 fig. 32; 
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF92B44313EA5FC5FBAB3C1D" author="Rees" box="[1005,1146,762,784]" page="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B44313EA5FC5FBB03C1D" author="Rees" box="[1005,1121,762,784]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Rees, W. J. (1938) Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23, 1 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400053923" type="journal article" year="1938">Rees, 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 7
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; 1956: 338, 347; 
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF92B443152C5FC5FE723C22" author="Naumov" page="33" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B443152C5FC5FEAF3C22" author="Naumov" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 33
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, 35; Stepanjants, 1972: 56–57, fig. 1; 1979: 10, pl. 1 fig. 1.
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310905E06FEB63C43" box="[151,359,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Atractylis antarctica</emphasis>
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— 
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF92B44311875E06FD8C3C43" author="Vanhoffen" box="[384,605,824,846]" page="283" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" year="1910">
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: 283
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, fig. 8;
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310905E68FEA03C60" box="[151,369,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Atractylis antarcticus</emphasis>
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— 
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: 10
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, 11.
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF92B44310905E4BFEB33C86" box="[151,354,885,907]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310905E4BFEB33C86" box="[151,354,885,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Gravelya antarctica</emphasis>
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— 
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: 139
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, fig. 1a, b.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF92B44310905EAAFCDA3CA7" box="[151,779,916,938]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
? 
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310AF5EAAFE573CA7" box="[168,390,916,938]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Gravelya antarcticum</emphasis>
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— 
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: 41
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–42, fig. 21a–d.
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310905E8CFE743CC5" box="[151,421,946,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
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— 
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: 21
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; 
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: 338
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, 347; 
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: 55
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; 
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: 401
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, fig. 3; 
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF92B44310C05EEFFE3E3CEA" author="Branch" box="[199,495,977,999]" page="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" year="1993">
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: 8
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, fig.; 
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B44312295EECFD2F3CEA" author="Pena" box="[558,766,977,999]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 004 - 0654 - 9" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 768
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; 
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Bouillon 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44313A75EECFC1F3CEA" box="[928,974,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
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: 137
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, fig. 
<date id="C107105CFF92B44314825EEFFB783CEA" box="[1157,1193,977,999]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" value="1979-01">79I</date>
, J; 
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF92B44314C85EECFEFC3B0B" author="Pena" page="735" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B44314C85EECFF2C3B0B" author="Pena" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44315665EECFA5E3CEA" box="[1377,1423,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
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: 735
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–736, figs 2c–d, 3a–b.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF92B4431090590CFC2D3B63" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B4431090590CFC2D3B63" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B4431090590CFE553B46" bold="true" box="[151,388,1074,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B4431189590AFDD13B46" box="[398,512,1076,1099]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Discovery</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF92B443120D590CFDA33B46" box="[522,626,1074,1099]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition 
<date id="C107105CFF92B4431305590DFCB23B46" box="[770,867,1075,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" value="1901" valueMax="1904">1901-04</date>
: 
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF92B4431375590DFC7B3B46" box="[882,938,1075,1099]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Type</typeStatus>
(NHM 1907.8.20.1), McMurdo Bay (Ross Sea), 1–20 fms, several stems, with gonophores, on 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF92B44312D95968FC253B62" box="[734,1012,1110,1135]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Hydrodendron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44312D95968FC253B62" box="[734,1012,1110,1135]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Hydrodendron arboreum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF92B44310C05944FC6939A2" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" type="description">
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44310C05944FD1B3BF2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310C05944FE883B9E" bold="true" box="[199,345,1146,1171]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Description.</emphasis>
Usually stolonal (
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF92B44312295944FDA03B9E" box="[558,625,1146,1171]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1858,1880]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,871,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,860,1834]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bimeria corynopsis Vanhöffen, 1910: A, a few stems growing on Staurotheca.? Koellikerina belgicae (Vanhöffen, 1910): B, colony with several stems. Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907): C – D, several stems and gonophores. Scale bar: 2 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236732/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C, D), but stems with up to three polyps present. Stems covered with perisarc (
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF92B44310F859A0FE953BBA" box="[255,324,1182,1207]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1858,1880]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,871,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,860,1834]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bimeria corynopsis Vanhöffen, 1910: A, a few stems growing on Staurotheca.? Koellikerina belgicae (Vanhöffen, 1910): B, colony with several stems. Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907): C – D, several stems and gonophores. Scale bar: 2 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236732/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Figs 1</figureCitation>
C, D, 2E, F), smoothly disappearing on hydranth body (
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF92B44313C659A0FBD43BBA" box="[961,1029,1182,1207]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[213,1376,205,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[192,1394,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bimeria corynopsis Vanhöffen, 1910: A, branched stem showing polyp; B, unbranched stem with polyp.? Koellikerina belgicae (Vanhöffen, 1910): C, polyp; D, gonophore. Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907): E – F, polyps. Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – F), 125 µm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236733/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E, F). No distinct pseudohydrotheca present. Polyps 800–900 µm high and 250–300 µm in maximum diameter, with conical hypostome and a distal crown of nine to 12 filiform tentacles (
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF92B443124F59D8FD5D3BF2" box="[584,652,1254,1279]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[213,1376,205,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[192,1394,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bimeria corynopsis Vanhöffen, 1910: A, branched stem showing polyp; B, unbranched stem with polyp.? Koellikerina belgicae (Vanhöffen, 1910): C, polyp; D, gonophore. Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907): E – F, polyps. Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – F), 125 µm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236733/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E, F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44310C05834FAFC394E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
Gonophores c. 950 µm high and c. 680 µm in maximum diameter, on short pedicels, either on hydrorhizal stolon or at basal part of largest stems (
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF92B443125F5810FD4C3A4A" box="[600,669,1326,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1858,1880]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,871,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,860,1834]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bimeria corynopsis Vanhöffen, 1910: A, a few stems growing on Staurotheca.? Koellikerina belgicae (Vanhöffen, 1910): B, colony with several stems. Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907): C – D, several stems and gonophores. Scale bar: 2 mm (A – B), 1 mm (C – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236732/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Figs 1</figureCitation>
C, D, 3F). “The colonies appear to be invariably dioecious. In both sexes the gonophore is a degenerate medusa ... protected by a thin layer of perisarc. It is larger in the female than in the male (
<quantity id="72419B79FF92B44311015849FE8E3A83" box="[262,351,1399,1423]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
. x 
<quantity id="72419B79FF92B44311795849FE063A83" box="[382,471,1399,1423]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
. in the female, and 
<quantity id="72419B79FF92B44312B65849FCD83A83" box="[689,777,1399,1423]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
. x 
<quantity id="72419B79FF92B443132E5849FC503A83" box="[809,897,1399,1423]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
. in the male). In the female gonophore there is a large sub-umbrella cavity (fig. 3, su.c), the manubrium is well developed and has a well-marked endoderm cavity. In the young gonophore there is a distinct endodermal layer of cells and mesoglea in the umbrella, but in the adult gonophore (fig. 32) these are reduced to a non-cellular mesoglea except at the margin, where a cord of cells represents the ring canal. There are no radial canals in the adult gonophore. In the male gonophore the subumbrella cavity is completely filled with sperm cells (figs. 2 and 32, sp.)” (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B44313D95B14FACE394E" author="Hickson" box="[990,1311,1578,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely, 1907: 5</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44310C05B70FA9E396A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" box="[199,1359,1614,1639]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
Cnidome consisting of two categories of nematocysts, 
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF92B443132B5B71FCB5396A" box="[812,868,1615,1639]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Type</typeStatus>
I (microbasic euryteles?) and desmonemes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44310C05B4DFC6939A2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
Measurements (in µm). 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44311D45B4CFDE93986" box="[467,568,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Cnidome</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF92B44312415B4DFDAC3986" box="[582,637,1651,1675]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Type</typeStatus>
I [range 7.0–7.5 x 4.0–4.5, mean 7.3±0.2 x 4.1±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 1.6–1.9, mean 1.8±0.1 (n=10)], desmonemes [range 5.5–6.0 x 3.0–3.5].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF92B44210C05B84FEE43BE5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="378" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44310C05B84FA98386E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44310C05B84FEEA39DE" bold="true" box="[199,315,1722,1747]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is a well-characterized species, the only important character missing from the original description was information related to the cnidome. The examination of the 
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF92B44314275BE1FB8139FA" box="[1056,1104,1759,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">type</typeStatus>
material has allowed me to complete this partially. The heteronemes could not be identified because they could not be seen discharged. However, it is worth mentioning that 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B443123B5A19FCB43832" box="[572,869,1830,1855]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44312DE5A19FCC03832" box="[729,785,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
, in material that perfectly agrees with this species, identified them as microbasic euryteles. 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B443125C5A74FCD0386E" author="Millard" box="[603,769,1866,1891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1971) Hydrozoa. In: Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. Winterbottom, Sr. J. M. &amp; Dyer, R. A. (Eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 396 - 408, figs. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1971">Millard (1971)</bibRefCitation>
also indicated the presence of microbasic euryteles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44310C05A50FB70388A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" box="[199,1185,1902,1927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B44310C05A50FE25388A" author="Hickson" box="[199,500,1902,1927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely (1907)</bibRefCitation>
gave an excellent description of the gonophores (see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF92B44210C05AACFCD43E8A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1074,2035]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="378" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">
Problems with this species were related with its genus allocation. Originally described as 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF92B443150A5AAAFEC538C3" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Perigonimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B443150A5AAAFEC538C3" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Perigonimus antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it was later considered belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF92B44312CF5A88FCE438C2" box="[712,821,1974,1999]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Atractylis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44312CF5A88FCE438C2" box="[712,821,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Atractylis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B44313645A88FBFF38C2" author="Vanhoffen" box="[867,1070,1974,1999]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 11 (Zoology 3), 269 - 340." type="journal article" year="1910">Vanhöffen (1910)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B443143B5A89FB0938C2" author="Totton" box="[1084,1240,1975,1999]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton (1930)</bibRefCitation>
even erected the new genus 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF92B443111D5AE4FE5338FE" box="[282,386,2010,2035]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B443111D5AE4FE5338FE" box="[282,386,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Gravelya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to allocate it. 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF92B443122B5AE5FD6638FE" author="Rees" box="[556,695,2011,2035]" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" refString="Rees, W. J. (1938) Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23, 1 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400053923" type="journal article" year="1938">Rees (1938)</bibRefCitation>
re-erected the genus 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF92B44313B65AE4FB2A38FE" authority="M. Sars, 1874" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1874" box="[945,1275,2010,2035]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF92B44313B65AE4FB9E38FE" box="[945,1103,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="377">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
M. Sars, 1874
</taxonomicName>
to include all unbranched colonial bougainvilliids with pseudohydrotheca not enveloping the tentacles, with one crown of filiform tentacles and with fixed sporosacs. 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44212795D82FCCB3FD9" author="Calder" box="[638,794,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder (1988)</bibRefCitation>
separated members with nipple-shaped hypostomes from this group, including the 
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF93B44211CE5DDEFE283FF5" box="[457,505,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B442128E5DE1FCF63FF5" box="[649,807,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B442128E5DE1FCF63FF5" box="[649,807,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B442133A5DDFFC653FF5" box="[829,948,225,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B442133A5DDFFC653FF5" box="[829,948,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">R. roseum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Consequently, 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44214795DE1FA973FF5" author="Schuchert" box="[1150,1350,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert (1996)</bibRefCitation>
saw it necessary to move those species that lack nipple-shaped hypostomes into other genera, in particular to 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B44215195C3AFEFD3E4D" authority="Berrill, 1948" authorityName="Berrill" authorityYear="1948" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Aselomaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44215195C3AFA4D3E10" box="[1310,1436,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Aselomaris</emphasis>
Berrill, 1948
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B44211685C19FDAC3E4D" authority="Totton, 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[367,637,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44211685C19FE063E4D" box="[367,471,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Gravelya</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211E35C16FDAC3E4D" author="Totton" box="[484,637,296,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the latter harbouring the present species. More recently, however, Calder’s division based on the shape of the hypostome was not supported (cf. 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44214105C72FAD03E68" author="Bouillon" box="[1047,1281,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44214855C73FB653E68" box="[1154,1204,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 126) and the species is again considered belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B44212675C51FD2F3E85" box="[608,766,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44212675C51FD2F3E85" box="[608,766,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF93B44210C05CAAFC2D3D15" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
Schuchert’s (1996) material seems to correspond to a different species. The perisarc and the pseudohydrotheca are contaminated with detritus and the size of polyps is smaller. Female gonophores are also distinctly smaller (0.5 x 
<quantity id="72419B79FF93B44210A95CE2FED93EF9" box="[174,264,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
) than those studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442121F5CE2FC813EF9" author="Hickson" box="[536,848,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely (1907)</bibRefCitation>
. He also indicated that there are up to 
<specimenCount id="A3BFFD15FF93B44215115CE2FABF3EF8" box="[1302,1390,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" type="egg">20 eggs</specimenCount>
per gonophore; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442111A5CC1FE123D15" author="Millard" box="[285,451,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1971) Hydrozoa. In: Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. Winterbottom, Sr. J. M. &amp; Dyer, R. A. (Eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 396 - 408, figs. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1971">Millard (1971)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211FE5CC1FCF43D15" author="Branch" box="[505,805,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams (1993)</bibRefCitation>
found 30– 
<specimenCount id="A3BFFD15FF93B44213995F3EFC6B3D15" box="[926,954,512,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" type="egg">40</specimenCount>
eggs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF93B44210C05F1AFADC3DFD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
According to the diagnosis of the genus provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442134A5F1AFB823D30" box="[845,1107,548,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44213BB5F1BFC2B3D30" box="[956,1018,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B44214635F1AFAD33D30" box="[1124,1282,548,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44214635F1AFAD33D30" box="[1124,1282,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should have ‘perisarc firm, continued over polyp base as a pseudohydrotheca, but never investing tentacle bases’. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44210905F52FE1E3D89" box="[151,463,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article">Hickson &amp; Gravely, (1907)</bibRefCitation>
, ‘the perisarc is continued as an exceedingly thin film over the hydranth as far as the base of the tentacles’. 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211945FAEFCC73DA5" author="Naumov" box="[403,790,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants (1972: 35)</bibRefCitation>
also indicated that ‘the polyp’s body is covered by a fine sheet of perisarc reaching the base of tentacles’. In the material examined the perisarc is not firm and it does not form a distinct pseudohydrotheca; the perisarc sheet covering the polyp body is totally inconspicuous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF93B44210C05FC2FB363CE1" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44210C05FC2FE293C18" bold="true" box="[199,504,764,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B44211F85FC2FCFA3C19" box="[511,811,764,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44211F85FC2FCFA3C19" box="[511,811,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Rhizorhagium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found at depths from the tidal level (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442153A5FC2FE893C35" author="Hickson" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely 1907</bibRefCitation>
) to 
<quantity id="72419B79FF93B44211895E21FE0B3C3A" box="[398,474,799,824]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211EA5E1EFD513C35" author="Totton" box="[493,640,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
), epibiotic on hydroids (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44213A45E21FB9E3C35" author="Hartlaub" box="[931,1103,799,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub 1904</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44214585E21FB263C35" author="Ritchie" box="[1119,1271,799,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Ritchie, J. (1913) The hydroid zoophytes collected by the British Antarctic Expedition of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1908. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 33 (1), 9 - 34." type="journal article" year="1913">Ritchie 1913</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442150F5E1EFA463C35" author="Totton" box="[1288,1431,800,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44210905E7BFE393C51" author="Naumov" box="[151,488,836,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1972</bibRefCitation>
; Stepanjants 1972, 1979; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44213125E7BFBE93C51" author="Pena" box="[789,1080,836,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44213BF5E7BFC3C3C50" box="[952,1005,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) and tube of polychaete (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44215635E7AFEAA3C8D" author="Pena" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44210FD5E57FEFF3C8D" box="[250,302,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) and epilithic on stones (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44212A05E59FC953C8D" author="Millard" box="[679,836,871,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1971) Hydrozoa. In: Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. Winterbottom, Sr. J. M. &amp; Dyer, R. A. (Eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 396 - 408, figs. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1971">Millard 1971</bibRefCitation>
). It is used in turn as substrate by other species of hydroids (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442110E5EB2FDF83CA9" author="Pena" box="[265,553,908,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B44211AD5EB3FE0D3CA8" box="[426,476,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Gonophores have been found in colonies collected in January (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442150E5EB2FA463CA9" author="Totton" box="[1289,1431,908,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44210905E91FEB13CC5" author="Stepanjants" box="[151,352,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211745E8EFD773CC5" author="Pena" box="[371,678,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B442121A5E8FFD853CC5" box="[541,596,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
), February (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442133D5E8EFC1C3CC5" author="Totton" box="[826,973,944,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44213E75E91FB7B3CC5" author="Stepanjants" box="[992,1194,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), from May to July (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44210995EEAFEB53CE1" author="Stepanjants" box="[158,356,980,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), August (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211D15EEAFDBA3CE1" author="Ritchie" box="[470,619,980,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Ritchie, J. (1913) The hydroid zoophytes collected by the British Antarctic Expedition of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1908. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 33 (1), 9 - 34." type="journal article" year="1913">Ritchie 1913</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44212705EEAFCE63CE1" author="Stepanjants" box="[631,823,980,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and in December (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44214125EEAFB0A3CE1" author="Stepanjants" box="[1045,1243,980,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B506369CFF93B44210C05EC9FEE43BE5" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">
Probably Antarctic-Kerguelen distribution, although a careful re-examination of previous records is needed. In 
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waters, recorded from the Ross Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44212A45922FC123B39" author="Hickson" box="[675,963,1052,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Hickson, S. J. &amp; Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson &amp; Gravely 1907</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44213C85922FBB23B39" author="Ritchie" box="[975,1123,1052,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Ritchie, J. (1913) The hydroid zoophytes collected by the British Antarctic Expedition of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1908. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 33 (1), 9 - 34." type="journal article" year="1913">Ritchie 1913</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44214685923FB2B3B39" author="Totton" box="[1135,1274,1052,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44215015923FEC03B55" author="Pena" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Peña Cantero 
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF93B4421090597FFF163B55" box="[151,199,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
), Adélie Land (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44211BB597EFCD53B55" author="Naumov" box="[444,772,1087,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1972</bibRefCitation>
), Davis Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44213925901FB9C3B55" author="Vanhoffen" box="[917,1101,1087,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 11 (Zoology 3), 269 - 340." type="journal article" year="1910">Vanhöffen 1910</bibRefCitation>
; Stepanjants 1972, 1979), and Sodruzestva Sea (Emery glacier) (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B4421232595AFCD33B71" author="Stepanjants" box="[565,770,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), in East 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B4421386595AFC283B70" box="[897,1017,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF93B4421386595AFC283B70" box="[897,1017,1124,1149]" name="Antarctica" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
, and from the Bellingshausen Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442109959B9FE993BAD" author="Hartlaub" box="[158,328,1159,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub 1904</bibRefCitation>
), in West 
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF93B44211B859B9FDE63BAD" box="[447,567,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF93B44211B859B9FDE63BAD" box="[447,567,1159,1184]" name="Antarctica" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
. In sub-Antarctic waters, it is known from off Marion and Prince Edwards Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B44210F25992FE5D3BC9" author="Millard" box="[245,396,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1971) Hydrozoa. In: Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. Winterbottom, Sr. J. M. &amp; Dyer, R. A. (Eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town, pp. 396 - 408, figs. 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1971">Millard 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442119F5992FD633BC9" author="Branch" box="[408,690,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams 1993</bibRefCitation>
) and Crozet (
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF93B442134D5992FBDE3BC9" author="Stepanjants" box="[842,1039,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="378" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Schuchert’s (1996) record is from 
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF93B442109059EFFEE03BE5" box="[151,305,1231,1256]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="378">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>