Protura from Hainan Island, China: new species, checklist and distribution Author Bu, Yun Author Xiong, Yan Author Luan, Yun-Xia Author Yin, Wen-Ying text ZooKeys 2019 879 1 21 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.879.34404 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.879.34404 1313-2970-879-1 53FD6801C4B54C09B61B47210DE937A7 D7E385CB91715F718747515174CEE2A1 Pseudanisentomon sininotiale Zhang & Yin, 1984 Material examined. 2 females, locality 1, 27-XI-1984, coll. G. T. Jin & Z. Y. Liu. 2 females, 4 males, locality 4, 23-I-2004; 1 male, locality 3, 600 m elev., 27-I-2004, coll. Y. Xiong. Distribution. China (Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan). Discussion. The 34 species of Protura recorded from Hainan Island belong to 11 genera and five families ( Protentomidae , Berberentulidae , Sinentomidae , Fujientomidae and Eosentomidae ) (Table 5 ). Most species (91%) belong to Eosentomidae (21 species) and Berberentulidae (10 species), while the other three families are represented by one species each. Both Berberentulidae and Eosentomidae are widely distributed in China and have high species richness. In contrast, Sinentomidae , Protentomidae , and Fujientomidae each has fewer species occurring in China. Undoubtedly, proturans found in Hainan Island are mainly related to the fauna of Oriental Region and are distinctly different from those from Russian Far East and Siberia ( Bu et al. 2014 ; Shrubovych 2014 ), which are dominated by the family Acerentomidae . Table 5. The list of proturan species from Hainan Island and their distribution in Hainan Island and three neighboring mainland provinces.
Classification Species Hainan Guangdong Guangxi Yunnan
Acerentomata Yin, 1996
Protentomidae Ewing, 1936
Paracondeellum Yin, Xie & Zhang, 1994 P. paradisum sp. n. * 11** - - -
Berberentulidae Yin, 1983 - - - - -
Baculentulus Tuxen,1977 B. tienmushanensis (Yin, 1963) 2, 3, 5, 11 - - +
Kenyentulus Tuxen, 1981 K. ciliciocalyci Yin, 1987 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 - - +
K. dolichadeni Yin, 1987 2 - - -
K. hainanensis Yin, 1987 1, 3 + - -
K. henanensis Yin, 1983 2 - - +
K. japonicus (Imadate, 1961) 2 - - +
K. jianfengensis Yin, 1987 1, 2 - - -
K. jinghongensis Yin, 1983 1 - - +
K. minys Yin, 1983 1 - + +
Amphientulus Tuxen, 1981 A. sinensis Xiong, Xie & Yin, 2005 1, 3 + - -
Sinentomata Yin, 1996
Sinentomidae Yin, 1965
Sinentomon Yin, 1965 S. erythranum Yin, 1965 1, 5, 12, 13 + + +
Fujientomidae Yin, 1996
Fujientomon Yin, 1977 F. dicestum Yin, 1977 5 - - -
Eosentomata Yin, 1996
Eosentomidae Berlese, 1909
Eosentomon Berlese, 1909 E. actitum Zhang, 1983 1, 3, 8, 11 + - -
E. hainanense Yin, 1986* 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 + - +
E. iban Imadate, 1965 1 - - -
E. jinhongense Yin, 1982 2 - - +
E. margarops Yin & Zhang, 1982 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 + - -
E. novemchaetum Yin, 1965 11 - - -
E. orientale Yin, 1965 1 + + -
E. sakura Imadate & Yosii, 1959 1, 2, 4-8, 11 + + +
E. shanum (Zhang, 1984) 1, 4 - + -
E. spanum Yin, 1986* 1 - - -
E. tropicum Yin, 1986* 1, 8, 11 - - -
E. xishaense Yin, 1988 1, 5, 9-11 - - -
E. yanshanense Yin & Zhang, 1982 1, 4, 6 + + +
E. zhanjiangense Zhang, 1983 1 + - -
Anisentomon Yin, 1977 A. hainanense Xiong, Bu & Yin, 2008* 1 - - -
A. quadrisetum Zhang & Yin, 1981 1, 11 + + -
Neanisentomon Zhang & Yin, 1984 N. yuenicum Zhang & Yin, 1984 1, 10 + - -
Paranisentomon Zhang & Yin, 1984 P. tuxeni (Imadate & Yosii, 1959) 3 - - -
Pseudanisentomon Zhang & Yin, 1984 P. paurophthalmum Zhang & Yin, 1984 11 - + -
P. molykos Zhang & Yin, 1984 1 + + -
P. sininotiale Zhang & Yin, 1984 1, 4 - + -
By comparing the species distribution, we found that the Protura fauna of Hainan Island is closely related to those of neighboring mainland regions ( Yin 1999 ; Szeptycki 2007 ), and there are 13, 10, and 11 species shared with Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces, respectively ( Fig. 1 ; Table 5 ), which is consistent with the geological history of Hainan Island ( Wang 1991 ; Zhang and Fang 2012 ). Until the Quaternary period (2.5 million years ago), Hainan Island was still connected with Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong Province. In the Middle Pleistocene, fault depression led to the separation of Hainan Island from the mainland. With sea level fluctuations, Hainan Island was connected to or separated from the mainland for several times. Since the end of the Quaternary period, due to the drastically rise of sea level, Hainan Island has been separated from the mainland without interruption. Among the mainland regions neighboring Hainan Island, the Protura fauna of Yunnan Province has been systematically studied ( Zhang et al. 1996 ; Yin et al. 2000 ), and nearly 80 species were reported from that province, with the Berberentulidae and Ensentomidae having fairly high diversity ( Zhang et al. 1996 ; Yin et al. 2000 ). In this study , we found the diversity of Protura fauna from Hainan Island is very similar to that from Yunnan Province. The only difference is the presence of family Hesperentomidae in Yunnan, which is absent in Hainan Island. Sampling localities in Hainan Island are still sparse, and additional collection of proturans should be made in the future, so as to reveal the true diversity and provide a better understanding of the biogeography of Protura on the Hainan Island.