<document id="706C918778F7874B6427A4927E6B8034" ID-CLB-Dataset="27950" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="832ac35c-8871-4041-9321-ea7f2ae5eb41" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610021" ID-ZooBank="A4FD6137-25B0-43D5-845B-B4FDF4E9F5D7" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624231237" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shachar, Einat, Melika, George, Inbar, Moshe &amp; Dorchin, Netta" docDate="2018" docId="AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Synophrus olivieri Kieffer 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="479" masterDocId="5026FF86FFE4FF86FFF6FFE8FFBAB733" masterDocTitle="The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history" masterLastPageNumber="498" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="479" updateTime="1698713837181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E2BA1B1B9A0208203595EA03A3D4F146">The oak gall wasps of Israel (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) - diversity, distribution and life history</mods:title>
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<treatment id="AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949991" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5949991" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC1F87FEFFF8FF9AFF61F999FE01B0FE" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF8FF9AFF61F999FDA7B1B8" blockId="28.[151,541,1649,1675]" box="[151,541,1649,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<heading id="7F418184FFF8FF9AFF61F999FDA7B1B8" bold="true" box="[151,541,1649,1675]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF8FF9AFF61F999FDA7B1B8" authority="Kieffer, 1898" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,541,1649,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF61F999FDA7B1B8" bold="true" box="[151,541,1649,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF61F999FECFB1B8" bold="true" box="[151,373,1649,1675]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Synophrus olivieri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF8FF9AFE8AF999FDA7B1B8" author="Kieffer, J. J." box="[380,541,1649,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="257 - 267" refId="ref34004" refString="Kieffer, J. J. (1898) Ueber neue und bekannte Cynipiden. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 17, 257 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 3133" type="journal article" year="1898">Kieffer, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF8FF9AFF61F95FFF56B053" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF8FF9AFF61F95FFBBAB1FC" blockId="28.[151,1437,1719,1997]" box="[151,1024,1719,1744]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF61F95FFE9CB1E3" bold="true" box="[151,294,1719,1744]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Host plants.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF8FF9AFEDBF95FFECAB1E3" box="[301,368,1719,1744]" name="Israel" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Israel</collectingCountry>
: 
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF8FF9AFE8CF950FD9FB1E3" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[378,549,1720,1744]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFE8CF950FD9FB1E3" box="[378,549,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Elsewhere: 
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF8FF9AFD41F950FCADB1E3" box="[695,791,1720,1744]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suber">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFD41F950FCADB1E3" box="[695,791,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Q. suber</emphasis>
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and 
<taxonomicName id="E3B64D6BFFF8FF9AFCB8F950FC43B1E3" baseAuthorityName="Sternlicht" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[846,1017,1720,1744]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ithaburensis">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFCB8F950FC43B1E3" box="[846,1017,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Q. ithaburensis</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF31F934FE3BB1C6" bold="true" box="[199,385,1756,1781]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Host gall-wasp:</emphasis>
Unknown.
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF8FF9AFF31F917FF56B053" blockId="28.[151,1437,1719,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF31F917FEE1B02B" bold="true" box="[199,347,1791,1816]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Life history.</emphasis>
Known only from the sexual generation, which develops in extremely hard, multi-chambered galls of irregular shape, up to 
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in diameter, of the same color of the branch (
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF8FF9AFBB4F8CCFB2CB00F" box="[1090,1174,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–46" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1654,1677]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[150,1436,193,1634]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 41–46. Galls on Quercus ithaburensis. 41. Synophrus politus, sexual generation; 42. Synophrus olivieri sexual generation; 43. Andricus miriami, asexual generation; 44. Same, old gall; 45. Chilaspis israeli, sexual generation; 46. Dryocosmus mayri, sexual generation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610039/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="40274B19FFF8FF9AFB55F8CCFADAB00E" author="Sternlicht, M." box="[1187,1376,1828,1853]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref36265" refString="Sternlicht, M. (1968 b) The oak galls of Israel (Quercus calliprinos Webb, and Quercus ithaburensis Decne.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 17 - 57." type="journal article" year="1968">Sternlicht 1968b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="BC8D2A6DFFF8FF9AFA9AF8CCFF5AB053" captionStart-0="FIGURES 5–10" captionStart-1="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId-0="32.[151,264,1711,1734]" captionStartId-1="33.[151,264,1669,1692]" captionTargetBox-0="[137,1416,199,1651]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1427,193,1639]" captionTargetId-0="figure@32.[137,1416,193,1652]" captionTargetId-1="figure@33.[152,1427,193,1639]" captionTargetPageId-0="32" captionTargetPageId-1="33" captionText-0="FIGURES 5–10. Galls on Quercus boissieri. 5. Andricus lucidus, asexual generation (arrow) and Andricus moreae, asexual generation (bottom); 6. Andricus cecconii, asexual generation; 7. Andricus caputmedusae, asexual generation, young gall; 8. Andricus caputmedusae, asexual generation, mature gall; 9. Andricus grossulariae, asexual generation; 10. Andricus hystrix, asexual generation." captionText-1="FIGURES 11–16. Asexual generation galls on Quercus boissieri. 11. Andricus curtisii; 12. Andricus chodjaii; 13. Andricus quercustozae, young gall; 14. Andricus quercustozae, mature gall; 15. Andricus coriarius, mature gall; 16. Andricus coriarius, old gall." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2610025/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2610027/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Figs 10–11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="240936E8FFF8FF9AFF31F884FAB3B0B6" blockId="28.[151,1437,1719,1997]" box="[199,1289,1900,1925]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF31F884FEF3B0B6" bold="true" box="[199,329,1900,1925]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Phenology.</emphasis>
Galls develop in spring and adults emerge from them in March of the following year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CAC6563FFF8FF9AFF31F867FE01B0FE" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="240936E8FFF8FF9AFF31F867FE01B0FE" blockId="28.[151,1437,1719,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
<emphasis id="16C2EAFAFFF8FF9AFF31F867FEDAB09B" bold="true" box="[199,352,1935,1960]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF8FF9AFE9AF867FE15B09B" box="[364,431,1935,1960]" name="Israel" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Israel</collectingCountry>
: Mezar, Bet Keshet Forest, Hosha’aya, Alonim, Tiv’on, HaSharon Forest. Elsewhere: North Africa, 
<collectingCountry id="5CA17678FFF8FF9AFEC2F85CFE0DB0FE" box="[308,439,1972,1997]" name="Turkey" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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