Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica Author Smith, David R. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA sawfly2@aol.com Author Janzen, Daniel H. Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Author Hallwachs, Winnie Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Author Smith, M. Alexander Department of Integrative Biology & The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N 1 G 2 W 1 text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2012 2012-10-15 29 119 144 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.29.3233 1314-2607-29-119 6DFF2FB88D22453D9EA66A5083057891 8A1E6B141E16FFE08975FF947D4D2C48 574791 Taeniogonalos gundlachii (Cresson) Figs 15-20 Trigonalys Gundlachii Cresson 1865 : 10. Trigonalys (Lycogaster) costalis Cresson 1867 : 352. Trigonalis sulcatus Davis 1898 : 349 Discussion. This species is noted here because Costa Rican specimens of Taeniogonalos have been previously identified as belonging to this species. Carmean and Kimsey (1998) regarded Taeniogonalos gundlachii as a widespread, color-variable species occurring from Canada to Central America. They stated that "Specimens of ' Taeniogonalos costalis ' from North and Central America have less extensive yellow markings than Taeniogonalos gundlachii from Cuba, but specimens from Florida are intermediate." All specimens we have seen from Costa Rica are Taeniogonalos woodorum and Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis , both of which are separated from Taeniogonalos gundlachii of North America by morphology and DNA barcoding. The color of Taeniogonalos gundlachii ( Figs 15-17 ) is very similar to Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis ( Figs 8-10 ) from Costa Rica, but we noted several morphological differences which appear consistent in specimens examined: lobes on female armature on sternum 2 in ventral view much longer and central emargination deeper ( Fig. 18 ) than in Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis ( Fig. 12 ); female armature in lateral view more rounded, and slightly protruding ventrally ( Fig. 17 ) than the squared appearance in Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis ( Fig. 11 ); male paramere slightly indented dorsally ( Fig. 19 ) rather than straight in Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis ( Fig. 13 ). Specimens from the northern parts of the range of Taeniogonalos gundlachii , northeastern United States and Canada, are relatively uniform in color, black with yellow maculation as in Figs 15-17 . Specimens from Cuba, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas have a broader yellow band on the inner and outer orbits; legs all yellow with only coxae black; male with one yellow band on the metasoma, and female with 3-4 yellow bands. We have not seen specimens from the area between Texas and Guerrero, Mexico, and have seen only the type of Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis from Mexico and one specimen from El Salvador which appears to be Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis . It is not our intent here to resolve the entire taxonomic problem and there is not enough material available from Cuba and intermediate ranges. Therefore, we continue to apply the name Taeniogonalos gundlachii to the specimens from Canada to Cuba, while suspecting that those from Canada and eastern U. S. eventually will again be called Taeniogonalos costalis . Though we cannot deny the possible presence of Taeniogonalos gundlachii in Costa Rica, the ACG dry forest specimens reared in this study are different from those from North America, and thus we refer them to Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis . The DNA barcode for specimens from Virginia, West Virginia, and Mississippi is 8.6% divergent from Taeniogonalos woodorum and 7.49-7.75% divergent from Taeniogonalos fasciatipennisDHJ02 and Taeniogonalos fasciatipennisDHJ01, respectively. Distribution. Canada to Cuba, and west to Wisconsin and Texas. Specimens examined. 200+; 25 DNA barcoded. Deposited in USNM. Hosts and biology. See Smith 1996 , Carmean and Kimsey 1998 , and Krauth and Williams 2006 .