From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) Author Burks, Roger https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA burks.roger@gmail.com Author Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721 Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Fusu, Lucian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Heraty, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Author Jansta, Petr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Heydon, Steve Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA Author Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386 Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK Author Peters, Ralph S. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany Author Tselikh, Ekaterina V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Author Woolley, James B. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA Author van Noort, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa Author Baur, Hannes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487 Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland & Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Author Cruaud, Astrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Author Darling, Christopher Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada Author Haas, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Hanson, Paul Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica Author Krogmann, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany & Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author Rasplus, Jean-Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2022 2022-12-20 94 13 88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 1314-2607-94-13 6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE Eusandalinae Fusu, new subfamily Type genus. Eusandalum Ratzeburg, 1852. Diagnosis. Antennal flagellum with 9 flagellomeres, clava undivided. Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus with truncate apical margin. Labrum subquadrate, exposed. Subforaminal bridge with median area flanked by elongate posterior tentorial attachments; postgenal bridge externally separates the lower tentorial bridge from the hypostomal carina; postgenal groove and postgenal lamina absent. Anterolateral mesoscutal corners projecting shoulder-like on either side of the pronotum (a feature shared with Calosotinae sensu stricto ). Notauli superficial and convergent, and except for Archaeopelma , ending about halfway across mesoscutum (Fig. 112 ). Axilla approximated ( Archaeopelma Gibson and Paraeusandalum Gibson) or widely separated ( Eusandalum Ratzeburg, Licrooides Gibson and Pentacladia Westwood) medially. Axillular groove or carina absent. Frenum absent. Acropleuron expanded and forming the largest surface of the mesopleuron, either comparatively small and not reaching metapleuron and metacoxa ( Archaeopelma , Licrooides ) or occupying most of the visible part of the mesopleuron and extending to the metapleuron (the other three genera). All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; ventral membranous area anterior to mesocoxal attachment present; mesotibial spur stout except only slightly thickened in Archaeopelma . Fore leg with protibial dorsal spicules (except in Licrooides ). Mesotarsus almost never with row of pegs along both sides, the exception being Licrooides : with spine-like setae on both antero- and posteroventral margins ( Archaeopelma ) or a row of pegs on posteroventral margin and a row of spine-like setae along anteroventral margin (remaining three genera). In Licrooides there are robust spines on both margins that almost appear as pegs. Metasoma in females with separate Mt8 and Mt9, hence without syntergum ( Eusandalum ) or with Mt8 and Mt9 fused but delimited by a transverse suture between cerci ( Archaeopelma ) or below each cercus (remaining genera; Fig. 113 ). Sexual dimorphism reduced, limited mainly to primary sexual features and antennal structure. Discussion. Eusandalinae new subfamily were treated until now as part of Calosotinae , however in next-generation molecular analyses (Cruaud et al., submitted) they were never recovered as monophyletic with the other Calosotinae . Instead, a reduced group of Calosotinae that includes Balcha Walker, Calosota Curtis and Tanythorax Gibson ( Calosotinae sensu stricto ) are sister to Heydenia ( Heydeniidae ) in all final analyses and closer to Eupelminae than to Eusandalinae . Eusandalinae are part of the same large clade containing also the Eupelminae and Calosotinae , but the three Eupelmidae subfamilies never form a monophyletic group since the clade also includes Ditropinotellinae , Heydeniidae and Solenurinae ; Eusandalinae are the basal group. Beside the three genera included in these molecular analyses (Cruaud et al., submitted) we also include in Eusandalinae Archaeopelma and Licrooides based on a UCE analysis with a larger sampling (unpublished data). A possibly biphyletic Calosotinae sensu lato was also recognised by Gibson (1989) , however with Licrooides hypothesized as closer to Calosota and allied genera and not to Eusandalum , and Archaeopelma as the most basal lineage of all Calosotinae . From the morphologically close Calosotinae sensu stricto , the Eusandalinae differ mainly in having an undivided clava, convergent notauli, scutellum without axillular groove or carina, mesotarsus almost never with two fully developed rows of pegs and a metasoma with incompletely fused or independent Mt8 and Mt9. In Calosotinae : clava with three clavomeres, notauli present as paramedially parallel lines, axillular groove present and continuing seamlessly with the scuto-scutellar suture and as a result scutellum with a carinated groove extending from base to apex, mesotarsus with a row of pegs on either side, and Mt8 and Mt9 completely fused to form the syntergum. However, all the characteristic features of Eusandalinae are either plesiomorphic or homoplastic. A thorough comparative analysis of all these characters can be found in Gibson (1989) .