A new species group of Strumigenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Ecuador, with a description of its mandible morphology Author Booher, Douglas B. Yale Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520 - 8106, USA & Georgia Museum of Natural History, 101 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA Author Hoenle, Philipp O. Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany text ZooKeys 2021 2021-05-05 1036 1 19 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1036.62034 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1036.62034 1313-2970-1036-1 96B950D54973413781EF8030E91272C4 B7EAADB8DBAC558EA12CBE057FA711AB Strumigenys ayersthey sp. nov. Type material examined. Holotype worker : Ecuador : Esmeraldas Province, Reserva Rio Canande , 2 May 2018 , Elevation 507 m, 0.5263 , -79.1682 , Part of diversity study Hoenle & Bluethgen plot F1N31, hand-sampling on forest floor in primary forest , specimen broke in several parts, leg. P. Hoenle . Specimen identifier code ( casent0875770 ), deposited at [ MEPN] (Museo de Colecciones Biologicas Gustavo Orces , Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador) . Figure 3. Images of A head in full-face view and B profile of Holotype specimen of Strumigenys ayersthey sp. nov. (CASENT0875770) [MEPN]. Holotype worker measurements (n = 1): HL = (0.609); HW = (0.480); ML = (left = 0.383, right = 0.411), the left mandible is slightly shorter than the right mandible; PW = (0.303); SL = (0.530); FL = (0.568); EL = (0.07); WL = (0.683); CI = (78.82); MI = (65.19); SI = (110.42). Figure 4. 3D scan of Strumigenys ayersthey sp. nov. assembled by µCT . Description. Mandibles with five teeth; two preapical teeth, apicodorsal and apicoventral teeth, and an intercalary tooth. The two preapical teeth are well developed and spiniform with nearly equal lengths and are longer than the width of the mandible where they arise (first preapical tooth = 0.056, second preapical tooth = 0.050). These teeth are located in the apical third of mandible and separated by a distance approximately equal their length (0.051). Apicodorsal (0.78) and apicoventral (0.73) teeth spiniform and of nearly equal length and with a well-developed intercalary tooth (0.38) arising just above the apicoventral tooth. Basal portion of mandible with four processes, three articular processes (dorsal, lateral, and ventral articular processes) and a latching process (basal mandibular process; Fig. 5 ). The dorsal articular process extends posteriorly from the basal dorsal surface without a distinct lateral ridge and terminating as a small bulbous point. The ventral articular process extends from the latero-posterior basal portion of the mandible as a dorsal to ventral cuticular ridge from and is continuously connected to the lateral articular process. The lateral articular process is dilated, with the medial portion extending laterally away from a line drawn vertically from the posterior-most positions of the dorsal and ventral processes. In full face view, the lateral articular process appears as a lateral bulge below the dorsal ridge of the dorsal articular process and shadows the ventral process (Fig. 6 ). The dorsal area between the basal process and dorsal articular process is indented and when mandibles are closed the process of the clypeus extends into this cavity (Fig. 5 ). Figure 5. Colorized µCT surface renders of the head of S. ayersthey sp. nov. A head in full face view and B view from apex of mandibles looking towards base of mandibles. Black arrows represent closing motions and red arrows represent opening motions of mandibles. Abbreviations: bpm - basal process of mandible, clp - clypeus (yellow), dfc - dorsal articular surface of oral cavity (green), dmap - dorsal articular process of mandible, lbp - labral articular process, lh - labral hood, lbm - labrum (lavender), md - mandible (red), vmap - ventral articular process of mandible, vpc - ventral articular process of clypeus in orange. As the mandibles open towards latched position, the labrum (lbm) hinges upwards such that the basal mandibular process (bmp) latches into the complementary pocket of the labrum (lbp) and the dorsal articular process of the mandible (dmap) articulates freely within the dorsal articular surface of the oral cavity (dfc) around the ventral process of the clypeus (vpc). The labral hood (lh) and the ventral processes of the clypeus (vpc) forms a pair of pockets housing the basal mandibular process (bmp) of each mandible. Clypeus ca. 1.5 x as wide as long. Eye apparent (0.070) with 15 or 16 pigmented ommatidia. Scape sub-cylindrical with shallowly curved subbasal bend. Ventrolateral margin of head in front of eye not sharply defined, strongly indented or concave. Postbuccal impression absent. Preocular carina and upper margin of the antennal scrobe in profile short, terminating anterior of eye. Figure 6. Comparison of the mandibles between S. louisianae (left) and S. ayersthey sp. nov. (right). Abbreviations: aba - apodeme attachment location of the abductor muscle, ada - apodeme attachment location of the adductor muscle, bpm - basal process of mandible, dmap - dorsal articular process of mandible, lmap - lateral articular process of mandible, vmap - ventral articular process of mandible. Illustrations adapted from Booher et al. (2021) . Mesosoma shallowly and gradually impressed between pronotum and propodeum. Declivity of propodeum with two bluntly rounded triangular teeth that are just longer than the lamella connecting them (upper tooth = 0.062, lower tooth = 0.50, lamella at shallowest point between = 0.046). In profile view, bulla of propodeal spiracle located at dorsal-most position of propodeum with propodeal spiracle opening facing postero-dorsally and forming lateral bulges that disrupt the outline in dorsal view. Spiracle opening much narrower than EL (.022). Petiolar node longer (0.127) than wide (0.113). Postpetiolar disc longer (0.185) than wide (0.153.). First gastral tergite with no basigastral costulae past the limbus. Sculpture . Head and rest of body smooth and shining and without obvious sculpture other than piliferous punctations where setae arise. Basigastral sculpture limited to costulae within the limbus and do not extend onto the surface of the first gastral tergite. Pilosity . The background pilosity of all surfaces (mandibles, head, mesosoma, petiole, postpetiole, abdomen, and legs) are covered in evenly spaced simple to subflagellate erect to suberect setae that vary in length and are apically pointed. Head without differentiated apicoscrobal setae and leading edge of scape also without differentiated setae, pilosity of scape on all surfaces consists of short erect simple setae tending to point towards apex, none are recurved as to point to the base, and scape pilosity is similar to those elsewhere on head. Differentiated longer subflagellate to flagellate setae are limited to a pair straddling the midline on the anterior margin of clypeus that extend over mandibles when closed, a lateral pair on pronotal shoulders, a pair arising from ventral portion of propodeal spiracle, one to two pairs on the dorsum of petiole, and postpetiole. The majority of pilosity on gaster consist of slightly longer subflagellate setae than those on mesosoma. Spongiform appendages . Length of lateral lobe of petiole weakly developed and visible only as a thin carinae along posterior third of node; expanded as a thin cuticular flange just behind the node in dorsal view. Subpetiolar flange developed as a thin cuticular narrow flange deepest posteriorly (0.046). Lateral lobes of postpetiole distinct and separated from the anterior flange of the post petiolar disc and do not connect posteriorly leaving a medial posterior gap along the posterior portion of disc (most easily seen in dorsal view). In profile, ventral lobe of postpetiole also weakly-developed (0.053 in depth) and much narrower than the exposed height of postpetiolar node (0.149). Color . Yellow uniform light reddish brown. Queen and male. Unknown. Etymology. Many cultures have recognized a spectrum of genders between and beyond the binary of male and female. However, by following a rule exampled in the International Code of Nomenclature ( ICZN 1999 ) for how to name species after individuals, one might conclude only binary gender assignments possible when assigning new species names derived from Latin. Dubois (2007) provides clarification to this rule stating that there is no need to amend or Latinize personal names - and therefore no need to assign gender. In contrast to the traditional naming practices that identify individuals as one of two distinct genders, we have chosen a non-Latinized portmanteau honoring the artist Jeremy Ayers and representing people that do not identify with conventional binary gender assignments, Strumigenys ayersthey . The 'they' recognizes non-binary gender identifiers in order to reflect recent evolution in English pronoun use - 'they, them, their' and address a more inclusive and expansive understanding of non-neutral gender identification. Strumigenys ayersthey sp. nov. is thus inclusively named in honor of Jeremy Ayers for the multitude of humans among the spectrum of gender who have been unrepresented under traditional naming practices. Jeremy was a multifaceted and beloved Athens-based (GA, USA) artist and activist whose humanity and achievements defied the limits of categorized classification. Jeremy brought an intellectual and playful, Pan-like curiosity to every aspect of his life. He was a writer, philosopher, painter, musician, activist, photographer, gardener, and exploder of boundaries who transformed the culture that surrounded him. His deep appreciation of the variety and minute details of the natural world astounded all who knew him. In the spirit of Jeremy, we also propose that the -they suffix can be used for singular honorific names of non-binary identifiers in compliance with the ICZN.