Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes) Author Melo, Bruno F Author Ota, Rafaela P Author Benine, Ricardo C Author Carvalho, Fernando R Author Lima, Flavio C T Author Mattox, George M T Author Souza, Camila S Author Faria, Tiago C Author Reia, Lais Author Roxo, Fabio F Author Valdez-Moreno, Martha Author Near, Thomas J Author Oliveira, Claudio text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2024 Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2024-09-03 202 1 1 37 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101 journal article 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101 0024-4082 A349939-8BEB-4BAA-9B6D-887B998559B5 Rhoadsiinae Fowler, 1911 Type genus: Rhoadsia Fowler, 1911 . Included genera: Carlana Strand, 1928 , Nematobrycon , Parastremma Eigenmann, 1912 , Pseudochalceus Kner, 1863 , and Rhoadsia . Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler, 1911 and Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann 1911 . This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 7 for a reference phylogeny of Rhoadsiinae . Etymology: A patronym for Samuel N. Rhoads (1862–1952). Remarks: The phylogeny inferred from the UCE loci resolves a clade we delimit as the subfamily Rhoadsiinae that includes Nematobrycon , Pseudochalceus , Rhoadsia , Parastremma , and Carlana ( Fig. 7 ). Rhoadsiinae was elevated to classify species of Rhoadsia and Parastremma , and the monotypic Carlana eigenmanni (Meek, 1912) (Cardoso 2003) . Species of Rhoadsiinae have a single tooth series in the premaxilla when juveniles and two series when adults, except for C. eigenmanni , which maintains only the inner tooth series, and the outer teeth series of the premaxilla is composed of two conical teeth and the inner series consists of five multicuspid teeth (Cardoso 2003). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses resolve Carlana eigenmanni and Nematobrycon as sister-lineages ( Oliveira et al . 2011 ). Phylogenetic analysis of a combined molecular and morphological dataset resolves a clade containing Bario , Carlana , Rachooiscus , Rhoadsia , and Ŋayeria that is supported by two non-exclusive synapomorphies ( Mirande 2019 ). Within Rhoadsiinae the UCE phylogeny shows successive branching lineages of Nematobrycon , the two species of Pseudochalceus , and a clade containing Rhoadsia , Parastremma , and Carlana ( Fig. 7 ). Nematobrycon contains two species endemic to the Atrato and San Juan rivers of north-western Colombia , whereas Pseudochalceus includes four species distributed in the Pacific versant rivers of Ecuador and Colombia (Géry 1977). All species of Rhoadsiinae are distributed in the western Andes and Central America ( Fig. 7 ). In addition, species in this clade share an incomplete lateral line, very elongated dorsal-fin rays that may reach the caudal fin in adult males resulting in a pronounced sexual dimorphism, two teeth rows in the premaxilla (except Carlana ), and 10–15 unicuspid to tricuspid teeth on the maxillary.