Revision of the subgenus Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) Author Qiu, Jian-Yue Author Xu, Hao Author Hu, Chun-Lin text Zootaxa 2013 3745 4 401 434 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.4.1 04107669-3283-4ee6-b835-3fc467eacd8e 1175-5326 247366 F158CE77-9392-45A4-93F9-28FB1F5FF85A Cosmiomorpha ( Cosmiomorpha ) decliva Janson, 1890 ( Figs. 11–20 , 23–24 , 37–38 , 49–51 , 63–65 , 89–125 , 152, 159 , 166 , 172, 177–180 ) Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890: 127 ( type locality: “Foo-chow, S. E. China ”); Schenkling 1921: 61; Ma 1995: 63, figs. 50–51, plate 3, figs. 13 ♂ , 14 ♀; Krajčik 1998: 19; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 235, plate 60, figs. 670- 1 ♂ , 670-2 ♀; Ma 2002: 371; Smetana 2006: 301; Krajčik 2011: 12. Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire, 1898: 385 ( type locality: “Siao-Lou”); Schenkling 1921: 61; Medvedev 1964: 56; Smetana 2006: 301. Synonymized by Mikšić 1977: 364. Cosmiomorpha baryi Bourgoin, 1916: 109 ( type locality: “ Tonkin : Hanoi”); Schenkling 1921: 61; Schürhoff 1942: 283; Paulian 1960: 57. New synonym . Cosmiomorpha decliva baryi Bourgoin : Mikšić 1977: 364 (demoted to subspecies rank); Krajčik 1998: 19; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 235, plate 60, fig. 670- 3 ♂ . Cosmiomorpha squamulosa Schürhoff, 1933: 101 ( type locality: “Hweisin (Kansu)”); Mikšić 1977: 366; Krajčik 1998: 19; Smetana 2006: 301. New synonym . Male. TL: 20.0–26.0 mm, TW: 11.5–13.5 mm. Body dark orange to orange red ( Figs. 89–93 ); dorsal surface clad with yellow scales. Clypeus subtrapezoidal in ventral view, apical margin raised with an evident depression in the middle ( Figs. 23–24 ). Pronotum usually densely scattered with small, round, setiferous punctures; scales oblanceolate and yellow ( Figs. 63–65 ); with 3 markings, a large black area on the disc and two small elliptical maculae near the lateral margins respectively. Scutellum black, clad with sparse setiferous punctures. Elytra clad with dense, oblanceolate, yellow scales; scales denser and longer on postdiscal portion; humeral umbone, basal and anteromesal portion, sutural costa black. Mesometasternal process long with a constriction in the middle, apex truncated ( Fig. 11 ). Abdominal sternites usually concolorous. Ventral surface clad with numerous linear yellow scales. Coxae and trochanters black. Peripheral margins of ventral surface of femora black. Tibiae orange red with basal and apical portions black. Protibia slim, the middle and proximal teeth often reduced or absent ( Figs. 37–38 ); a row of small mastoid teeth on ventral surface, the deflexed tooth evident but blunt ( Figs. 49–51 ). Tarsi orange red, apical portion of each tarsomere dark brown; basitarsus of protarsus clavate, but not evident ( Figs. 23–24 ). The brush-like golden setae along the inner margin of mesotibia and metatibia dense and stout. Parameres elongate, outer margins slightly constricted and proximal part slightly expanded in apical view; apex pointed with a small tuft of curved, yellow setae ( Fig. 152 ). Female. TL: 19.0–27.5 mm, TW: 9.0–14.0 mm. Color and markings similar to male ( Figs. 94–96 ). Clypeus shorter, subrectangular. Mesometasternal process short, oval. Abdomen convex; the last abdominal sternite with a row of stout yellow setae along the posterior margin. Legs shorter, protibia with 3 large teeth on outer margin; the spine in the middle of outer margin of each mesotibia and metatibia sharper. Variation. Male clypeus is subtrapezoidalal in dorsal view with a little variation. In both sexes, the size of the dark markings on pronotum varies from almost absence to occupying the whole surface, and with diffuse or distinct borders. The shape of male mesometasternal process varies considerably ( Figs. 11–20 ). It seems that the amount of scales covering the dorsal surface generally decreases gradually in this species from northwestern to southeastern China , including in all types ( Figs. 63–65 ). Individuals from north are usually lighter in body color ( Figs. 91, 96 , 106–112 ). Larger individuals typically have more pronounced characters. Type material examined . Cosmiomorpha decliva : Lectotype designated here: “Foo-chow, S. E. China [Janson’s handwriting on yellowed label] / Cosmiomorpha decliva Jans. , Type , China [Janson’s handwriting on yellowed label with a black border] / Cosmiomorpha decliva Jans. [Janson’s handwriting on yellowed label] / ♂ TYPE [male symbol handwritten, with letters printed on yellowed label with a black border]/ Museum Leiden verz. F. T. Valck Lucassen (O. E. Janson) [printed on yellowed label] / type [printed on red label in black ink] / Cosmiomorpha decliva Jans. [printed on white label] / RMNH.INS.60 123 [printed on white label with a black border] / LECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , ♂ , des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label]” (male, RMNH, Figs. 97–101 ). Paralectotype labeled: “Foo-chow, S. E. China [Janson’s handwriting on yellowed label] / Cosmiomorpha decliva Jans. [Janson’s handwriting on yellowed label] / ♀ TYPE [male symbol handwritten and letters printed on yellowed label with a black border] / Museum Leiden verz. F. T. Valck Lucassen (O. E. Janson) [printed on yellowed label] / type [printed on red label in black ink] / Cosmiomorpha decliva Jans. [printed on white label] / RMNH.INS.60 122 [printed on white label with a black border] / PARALECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , ♀, des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label]” ( 1 female , RMNH, Figs. 102–105 ). Cosmiomorpha angulosa : Lectotype designated here: “Siào-Lòu Chasseurs indigènes 1895 [printed on yellowed label with black border] / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fair. [Fairmaire’s handwriting on yellowed label] / MUSEUM PARIS, Collection Léon Fairmaire 1906 [printed on yellowed label] / TYPE [printed on yellowed label in red ink] / MNHN EC3508 [printed on white label] / LECTOTYPE [printed on red label] / LECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire, 1898 , ♂ , des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label] / Synonym of Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , by Mikšić 1977 [printed on white label]” (male, MHNH, Figs. 117–120 ). Paralectotype labeled: “Siào-Lòu Chasseurs indigènes 1895 [printed on yellowed label with black border] / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire [Fairmaire’s handwriting on yellowed label] / MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHÜR [printed on yellowed label] / TYPE [printed on red label in black ink] / MNHN EC3507 [printed on white label] / PARALECTOTYPE [printed on red label] / PARALECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire, 1898 , ♂ , des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label] / Synonym of Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , by Mikšić 1977 [printed on white label]” ( 1 male , MHNH, Figs. 121–123 ); “Se Pin-Lou Chan, Ya Tcheou, Chasseurs indigènes 1895 [printed on yellowed label with black border] / Cosmiomorpha angulosa ♀ [Fairmaire’s handwriting on yellowed label] / MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHÜR [printed on white label] / MNHN EC3533 [printed on white label] / PARALECTOTYPE [printed on red label] / PARALECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire, 1898 , ♂ , des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label] / Synonym of Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , by Mikšić 1977 [printed on white label]” ( 1 male , MHNH, Figs. 124–125 ). Cosmiomorpha squamulosa : Lectotype designated here: “Hweisin, Kansu [printed on white label] / Cosmiomorpha squamulosa Schürhoff , Type , ♂ [handwritten], determ. Schürhoff, Berlin [printed on red label with a black border] / LECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha squamulosa Schürhoff, 1933 , ♂ , des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on red label] / Synonym of Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , by Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label]” (male, NHMB, Figs. 106–108 ). Paralectotype labeled: “Hweisin, Kansu [printed on white label] / Cosmiomorpha squamulosa Schürhoff , Type , ♀ [handwritten], determ. Schürhoff, Berlin [printed on red label with a black border] / Sammlung Schürhoff [printed on white label] / squamulosa [printed on yellowed label] / Wohl identisch mit C . modesta Saund. Mikšić 1973 [printed on yellow label] / PARALECTOTYPE , Cosmiomorpha squamulosa Schürhoff, 1933 , ♀, des. Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on red label] / Synonym of Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , by Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label]” ( 1 female , NHMB, Figs. 109–113 ). FIGURES 89 – 96. Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 . 89–96. Male: 89–90. (Sichuan); 91. (Shanxi); 92. (Henan); 93. (Fujian); 94–96. Female: 94–95. (Fujian); 96. (Henan). FIGURES 97 – 116. Types of Cosmiomorpha species. 97–101. Cosmiomorpha decliva , lectotype, male: 97. Dorsal; 98. Ventral; 99. Lateral; 100. Head and pronotum; 101. Labels. 102–105. Cosmiomorpha decliva , paralectotype, female: 102. Dorsal; 103. Ventral; 104. Lateral; 105. Labels. 106–108. Cosmiomorpha squamulosa , lectotype, male: 106. Dorsal; 107. Ventral; 108. Labels. 109–113. Cosmiomorpha squamulosa , paralectotype, female: 109. Dorsal; 110. Ventral; 111. Lateral; 112. Head and pronotum; 113. Labels. 114–116. Cosmiomorpha baryi , “allotype”: 114. Dorsal; 115. Ventral; 116. Labels. FIGURES 117 – 125. Types of Cosmiomorpha angulosa . 117–120. Lectotype, male: 117. Dorsal; 118. Ventral; 119. Lateral; 120. Labels. 121–123. Larger paralectotype, male: 121. Dorsal; 122. Ventral; 123. Labels. 124–125. Smaller paralectotype, male: 124. Dorsal; 125. Labels. Cosmiomorpha baryi : “Allotype” labeled: “Ht. Tonkin , Dong-Van Cap ne Gadel, 1898 [printed on yellowed label with a black border] / Cosmiomorpha baryi , Type , ♂ [handwritten], determ. Schürhoff, Berlin [printed on red label with a black border] / baryi [printed on yellowed label] / Sammlung Schürhoff [printed on yellowed label]/ Ist höchstens eine Subspec. der C . angulosa Fairm. Mikšić 1973 [printed on yellow label] / Synonym of Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890 , by Jian-Yue Qiu 2012 [printed on white label]” (male, NHMB, Figs. 114– 116 ). Comments on type material . Primary types for C. decliva , C. angulosa , and C. squamulosa were not fixed in the original publication, so lectotypes of these names are designated here to preserve nomenclatural stability. There are two type specimens of C. decliva from the collection of Lucassen (O. E. Janson) in RMNH in good condition, one male and one female. The type locality “Foo-chow” is Fuzhou, Fujian Province. Both sexes of C. angulosa were described in the original description (Fairmaire 1898), and it was suggested that at least one male and one female specimens were in the type series, but only three male syntypes were in MNHN, including one male with Fairmaire’s handwritten label “ Cosmiomorpha angulosa ♀” ( Fig. 124 ). According to the shape of the clypeus and protibia without noticeable teeth, this specimen is undoubtedly male. It is strange that Fairmaire misidentified the sex of this species, because he already mentioned the shorter legs and tridentate protibia of females. Perhaps the third syntype is smaller than the others result in his misidentification, or the female specimen described by Fairmaire is lost or mislabeled. The type locality “Siào-Lòu” is a path from Tianquan to Luding, near Mt. Maanshan, in Tianquan County, Ya’an, Sichuan Province (see following text). The two type specimens of C. squamulosa from the collection of Schürhoff in NHMB are one male and one female, the female is in good condition and the male is lacking the left protarsomere 4–5. The type locality “Hweisin, Kansu” is Huixian County, Longnan, Gansu Province. Mikšić (1977) misidentified the female paralectotype of C. squamulosa as C. modesta . Cosmiomorpha baryi was described by Bourgoin (1916) based on a single female from Hanoi, Vietnam . According to Arrow (1941), Bourgoin’s cetoniines collection is deposited in the BMNH, but the holotype (automatically fixed by monotypy) was not found there. Schürhoff (1942) described male specimen and refered to it as the “Allotypus”. This specimen is in NHMB and bears a red label with the term “ Type ”. According to Article 72.4 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), this “Allotypus” is not valid because this specimen does not belong to the type series used by Bourgoin in the orginal description. Type locality “ Tonkin , Dong-Van” is now Dong Van District, Ha Giang Province, northeast of Vietnam , near Guangxi Province, China . Other material examined ( 45♂♂, 26♀♀ ) . CHINA : Hebei: 1♀ (HBUM), 22.VIII.2006 , Mt. Zushan, Qinhuangdao, Qi-Qi Wu leg. Shanxi: 1♂ (QCCC), 04.VIII.2013 , Manghe National Nature Reserve, Yangcheng County, Zhi-Hong Li leg. Henan: 1♀ (QCCC), VII.2013 , Mt. Shizushan, Xinzheng, no collector recorded leg. 1♂ (QCCC), 26.VIII.2012 , Mt.Shaoshishan, Tizigou, Dengfeng, Long Zhang leg. Hubei: 1♀ (NWAU), 25.VIII.1980 , Songbai, Shengnongjia Forestry District, Tong Chen leg.; 3♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 20.VII.2013 , Qilishan Forest Park, Nanzhang County, Xiangyang, Mao Ye leg. Hunan: 1♂ , 1♀ (QCCC), 01~ 15.VII.2013 , Mt. Yufengshan, Jingzhou County, Huaihua, 26°25'N , 109°30'E . alt. 600 m , Zai-Xiu Yang leg.; 1♂ (SYSM), 17.VI.1965 , Xinjiazhuang, Zhijiang County, Huaihua, Zhen-Yao Chen leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), VI~ VII.2008 , Jishou, no collector recorded; 1♂ (HBUM), 13~ 14.VIII.2004 , Zhangjiajie, Jian-Feng Wang & Ji-Liang Wang leg.; 1♂ (CSCS), without any data [probably from Hunan]. Zhejiang: 1♂ (NJAU), VII.2011 , Mt. Tianmushan Lin’an, no collector recorded; 1♂ (HFCS), VII.1980 , Fengyuan, Lishui, Yu-song Huang leg. Fujian: 1♂ (QCCC), 21~ 28.VI.2008 , Mt. Wuyishan, Nanping, Peng-Yu Liu leg.; 1♂ , 1♀(QCCC), 12.VII.2012 , Sandiejing National Forest Park, Minhou County, Fuzhou, 26°15'26"N , 119°09'40"E . alt. 400 m , Hai-Tian Song leg. Jiangxi: 1♂ (NHMB), KiuKiang [Jiujiang], Dr. Itzinger leg. Shaanxi: 1♂ , 1♀ (SXNU), 30.VII.2003 , Zhenba County, Yun Bu leg.; 1♀ (SXNU), 30.VII.2003 , ibid ., Da-Zhi Zhang leg.; 1♀ (SXNU), 30.VII.2003 , ibid. , Gao-Feng Zhang leg.; 6♂♂, 3♀♀ (SXNU), 21~ 30.VII.1959 , Muzhu, Zhenba County, Zhe-Min Zheng leg.; 1♀ (NWAU), V.1979 , Shangnan County, Shangluo, no collector recorded; 1♀ (HBUM), 4.VII.2003 , Langao County, Jian-Feng Wang leg. Sichuan: 1♂ (SWUC), VIII.1937 , Guanxian [now Dujiangyan], no collector recorded / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire , det. Anonymous; 1♂ (SWUC), 30.VII.1938 , ibid ., no collector recorded / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire , det. Anonymous; 2♂♂, 1♀ (NJAU), 27.VII.1938 , Kuan-sien [now Dujiangyan], K. F. Chen leg. / Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders , det. Anonymous; 2 ♂♂, 2♀♀ (SWUC), 1948, Qingchen [in Dujiangyan], no collector recorded / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire , det. Bin Chen, 1994; 1♀ (NJAU), VII.1964 , Mt. Omei [Mt. Emeishan], no collector recorded; 1♂ (SXNU), 12.VII.1986 , Mabian County, Zhen-Min Lian leg.; 1♂ (NWAU), 21.VII.2006 , Rilong, Xiaojin County, Tian-Tao Zhang leg.; 3♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 4. VIII. 2011 , Mt. Gaojiashan, Gulin, Gulin County, Luzhou, Lu Qiu leg.; Chongqing: 1♀ (SWUC), 1.VII.1980 , Mt. Jinyunshan, Beibei, Fang-Huan Zhao leg. / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire , det. Anonymous; 1♀ (SWUC), VII.1986 , Beibei, Bin Chen leg. / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire , det. Anonymous. Guizhou: 1♂ (SWUC), 14.VIII.2010 , Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve, Suiyang County, Ke-Liang Wu leg.; 1♂ (SWUC), 19.VIII.2011 , Mt. Xiaogaoshan, Kaili, alt. 1200 m , Gui-Qiang Huang leg.; 1♂ (HBUM), 8~ 13.VIII.2001 , Maolan National Nature Reserve, Libo County, Jun-Xia Zhang & Zhi-Sheng Zhang leg.; 1♂ , 2♀♀ (KLUC), 06.VII.2007 , Mt. Taipingshan, Liping County, no collector recorded; 3♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 25.VII.2013 , Maolan National Nature Reserve, Libo County, Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg. Guangdong: 1♂ , 1♀ (QCCC), VII.2004 , Nanling National Nature Reserve, Shaoguan, Yong-Xiang Wu leg. Guangxi: 1♂ (HBUM), 24.VII.2004 , Huangjingdong, Leye County, Yang Yu & Chao Gao leg.; 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), VII.2006 , Mt. Damingshan, Wuming County, Nanning, native leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), VII.2012 , ibid ., native leg. Distribution. China : Hebei ( new record) , Shanxi ( new record) , Henan ( new record) , Hubei ( new record) , Hunan ( new record) , Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi ( new record) , Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangdong ( new record) , Guangxi ( new record) , Yunnan; North Vietnam . Natural history. Adults were observed feeding on sap on a branch of Quercus (Fagaceae) and flying around the tree before dark, and mating on the branch or the ground ( Fig. 178 ). Remarks. The shape of the male clypeus and mesometasternal process of C. angulosa , C. squamulosa , and C. decliva were discussed by Mikšić (1977). He deduced they were the same species, but only examined the female paralectotype of C. squamulosa and identified it as C. modesta , therefore he did not definitively indicate C. squamulosa as junior synonym of C. decliva , and just synonymized C. angulosa . According to the large dark area on the pronotum and orange tarsi, it is undoubtedly C. decliva (= C. squamulosa ). Subsequent researchers almost accepted Mikšić’s view (Krikken 1984, Ma 1995, Krajčik 1998, Sakai & Nagai 1998), but C. angulosa and C. squamulosa were listed as valid species in the “Catalogue of Palaeartic Coleoptera ” without any comment (Smetana 2006). On the contrary, Krajčik (2011) listed both of them as synonym of C. decliva with a “?” in his book. Mikšić (1977) listed C. baryi as a subspecies of C. decliva and indicated that they could be distinguished by the shape of mesometasternal process. He also mentioned that the parameres showed no difference with C. decliva and it might just be a geographic race of C. decliva . But Sakai & Nagai (1998) pointed out that this subspecies could be distinguished from the clypeal shape and the length of scales. After examining several specimens of C. decliva collected from the vast areas of China , the type specimens of C. angulosa , C . squamulosa , and C . baryi exhibit typical variation of C. decliva throughout its known range, so we synonymize C . squamulosa and C . baryi with C. decliva , and C. angulosa is also confirmed as a synonym. Cosmiomorpha decliva is the most widely distributed in this subgenus, mainly in western China . Mikšić (1977) recorded this species from Mt. Jinfoshan (Chongqing) and Shin Men Kan (Shimen, Weining County, Guizhou Prov.). Sakai & Nagai (1998) recorded this species from Yunnan without detailed locality. Ma (1995, 2001) recorded C. decliva from Jiangsu Province without any specimen data. C. decliva usually occurs in the montane zone (above 600 m ), while C. modesta in low altitude zone (below 300 m ). However, most regions of Jiangsu are below 50 m , and a few small mountains in the southwestern and Lianyungang where only C. modesta is found. So C. decliva is probably not distributed in Jiangsu, and Ma’s records are presumably based on a misidentification of C. modesta .