A revision and key for the tribe Diaphorolepidini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) and checklist for the genus Synophis Author Pyron, R. Alexander Author Arteaga, Alejandro Author Echevarría, Lourdes Y. Author Torres-Carvajal, Omar text Zootaxa 2016 4171 2 293 320 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4171.2.4 9529a751-bd3c-46a8-83d7-ea7641844e11 1175-5326 158885 CDE07944-2354-477E-A3DA-61B713858D0C Synophis niceforomariae sp. nov. Holotype . MHUA 14577 ( Fig. 2 ), adult male collected 24 November 2007 at Finca La Esperanza , Valle de La Manguita , Municipio Amalfi, Departamento Antioquia , Colombia ( N6.978611 , W-75.044444 ; 1394m ). Paratypes . MHUA 14413 ( Fig. 3 ), adult collected at Municipio Anori , Departamento Antioquia , Colombia ( N6.987778 , W-75.044444 ; 1320m ) ; MLS 2072 , adult male collected at Municipio Campamento , Departamento Antioquia , Colombia ( N6.979498 , W-75.296602 ; 1656m ) . TABLE 1. Morphological đata for verifieđ specimens of Synophis . Species assignments given here for voucheređ specimens shoulđ superseđe previous allocations, such as those given by Pyron et al. (2015) anđ Torres-Carvajal et al. (2015).

Species	Collection	IL	SL	PO	V	SC	D1	D2	D3	SVL	TL	Sex
Synophis bicolor	MECN 6732	9	8	2	174	138	19	17	17	361	236	M
Synophis bicolor	MECN 6733	9	8	2	174	132	19	19	17	406	245	M
Synophis bicolor	MECN 8076	9	8	2	183	135	19	17	17	376	233	M
Synophis bicolor	MZUT 257	9	8	2	180	136	-	19	17	-	-	-
Synophis bicolor	MZUTI 4175	11	8	2	174	143	19	19	17	365	245	M
Synophis bicolor	UTA R-55956	9	8	2	176	129	-	19	17	-	-	-
Synophis bogerti	FHGO 9186	11	9	2	164	105	19	17	17	379	184	M
Synophis bogerti	MECN 2220	10	8	2	165	117	19	19	17	294	146	M
Synophis bogerti	MZUTI 3529	11	8	2	163	106	19	19	17	407	202	M
Synophis bogerti	QCAZ 11070	11	8	2	168	111	19	19	17	419	184	-
Synophis bogerti	QCAZ 12791	10	8	2	163	115	19	19	17	367	184	M
Synophis bogerti	QCAZ 3511	11	8	2	161	106	19	19	17	365	197	-
Synophis bogerti	QCAZ 5072	10	8	2	157	114	19	19	17	422	219	F
Synophis bogerti	UMMZ 91550	11	9	2	160	103	-	19	17	529	235	F
Synophis bogerti	UMMZ 91551	-	8	2	161	105	-	19	17	535	230	F
Synophis bogerti	UMMZ 91552	-	8	2	166	106	-	19	17	153	61	F

Synophis calamitus BMNH 1940.2.30.31 - 8 2 162 118 21 19 17 408 241 M Synophis calamitus CAS 23612 11 8 2 166 100 19 19 17 186 80 F Synophis calamitus KU 164208 9 8 1 163 125 21 19 17 142 73 - Synophis calamitus KU 197107 9 7 1 166 110 21 19 17 149 74 F Synophis calamitus MCZ R-164530 11 9 2 164 116 - 19 17 367 208 - Synophis calamitus MZUTI 3694 11 9 2 166 118 23 19 17 462 265 M Synophis calamitus QCAZ 10453 10 8 2 160 - 19 19 16 502 - F ……continued on the next page Synophis lasallei EPN S.974 - - 2 156 116 - 21 - 175 90 M Synophis lasallei EPN S.975 - - 2 155 119 - 21 - 354 201 M Synophis lasallei FHGO 6489 11 8 2 147 111 23 21 21 153 86 M Synophis lasallei FMNH 81313 - - 2 154 112 - 21 - 292 158 F

TABLE 1. (Continueđ)
Species	Collection	IL	SL	PO	V	SC	D1	D2	D3	SVL	TL	Sex
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 10508	10	8	2/0	165	108	19	19	17	496	260	F
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 1136	10	8	2	161	120	19	19	17	328	194	-
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 11931	8	8	1	165	109	19	19	17	364	196	M
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 1688	10	8	2	161	-	19	19	17	408	-	M
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 2807	10	8	2	160	110	19	19	17	487	255	F
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 3386	10	8	2	157	107	19	19	17	391	213	F
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 381	10	8	2	162	111	19	19	17	226	111	-
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 3875	10	8	2	164	113	19	19	17	453	250	F
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 5847	10	8	0/2	164	-	19	19	-	445	-	-
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 7264	9	8	2	163	116	19	19	17	507	283	M
Synophis calamitus	QCAZ 8098	8	8	2/1	162	106	19	19	15	491	261	F
Synophis calamitus	TCWC 66209	11	8	2	160	96	21	19	17	-	-	-
Synophis calamitus	UMMZ 185812	10	8	2	165	105	-	19	17	144	66	-
Synophis calamitus	UMMZ 185813	10	8	2	162	122	-	-	-	257	147	-

Synophis insulomontanus	CORBIDI 9223	10/11	9	2	147	103	22	19	19	285	144	F
Synophis insulomontanus	CORBIDI 10418	11	9	2	149	-	22	21	19	380	88	F
Synophis insulomontanus	CORBIDI 13705	11	8/9	2	152	109	21	19	19	350	192	M
Synophis insulomontanus	CORBIDI 13940	11	8	2	151	108	20	19	19	335	181	M

Synophis lasallei MCZ R-156873 11 7 1 147 115 - - - 412 206 - Synophis lasallei MLS / CJSP - - 2 144 101 - - - 300 170 M ……continued on the next page Species Collection IL SL PO V SC D1 D2 D3 SVL TL Sex Synophis lasallei MZUTI 4181 11 9 2 156 29 21 21 19 272 42 M Synophis lasallei USNM 233061 11 9 2 156 124 - 21 - 285 160 M Synophis lasallei USNM 233062 11 8 2 153 126 - 22 20 360 200 M Synophis lasallei USNM 233063 11 8 2 151 86 23 21 19 308 197 M Synophis lasallei USNM 233064 11 8 2 151 - - 21 19 270 150 - Etymology. Named after the French priest and naturalist Hermano Nicéforo María (born Antoine Rouhaire Siazaude), who established important natural-history collections at the Instituto de la Salle in Bogotá . While numerous taxa have been named mariarum, nicefori, or some derivative (see Adler 1989 ), he requested in a 1968 letter that he be addressed in print using his full name, Hermano Nicéforo María ( Rodriguez 2002 ). Thus , it seems appropriate to use the specific epithet niceforomariae . TABLE 1. (Continueđ)

Synophis niceforomariae	MHUA 14413	12	8	2	193	127	-	19	-	-	-	-
Synophis niceforomariae	MHUA 14577	11	8	2	190	131	19	19	17	-	-	M
Synophis niceforomariae	MLS2072	11/10	8	2	184	127	-	19	17	407	210	M
Synophis plectovertebralis	UVC 11580	8	8	1	144	91	19	19	17	212	100	M
Synophis plectovertebralis	UVC 11858	7	7	1	147	79	19	19	17	196	76.5	F
Synophis zaheri	MZUTI 3353	8	8	2	166	112	19	19	17	351	184	M
Synophis zaheri	MZUTI 3355	9	8	2	169	111	19	19	17	372	194	M
Synophis zamora	FHGO 8340	11	8	2	153	88	21	19	17	415	199	M
Synophis zamora	MECN 11250	10	8	2	153	98	21	19	17	412	196	F
Synophis zamora	MECN 11262	-	8	2	154	118	21	21	17	306	145	M
Synophis zamora	MZUTI 4180	11	9	2	152	100	19	19	18	457	214	M
Synophis zamora	QCAZ 12773	9	8	2	153	111	19	19	17	331	176	M
Synophis zamora	QCAZ 9174	10	9	2	147	103	19	18	17	359	187	M
Synophis zamora	QCAZ 9175	10	8	2	151	109	19	19	17	340	186	M

FIGURE 1 . Bayesian maximum clade credibility phylogeny for Diaphorolepidini, summarized from 15 million post-burnin generations in MrBayes 3.2.5. Support values>50% are shown. Clades of primarily North American (NA), Central American (CA), and South American (SA) species other than Diaphorolepidini are collapsed. FIGURE 2. Holotype (MHUA14577) of Synophis niceforomariae in life. FIGURE 3. Paratype (MHUA14133) of Synophis niceforomariae in preservative. Diagnosis. Synophis niceforomariae can be differentiated from all other similar or related species by the combination of an unmodified vertebral scale row with a single weak keel; smooth nuchal scales; absence of a nuchal collar in adults; presence of a loreal; intranasals in contact; fused prefrontals; rostral concave; anal single; no apical pits; 2 postoculars; 10–12 infralabials; 8 supralabials; 184–193 ventrals; 127–131 subcaudals; and 19-19- 17 dorsal scale-rows. Description. Small-sized, long-tailed snakes (~ 400mm SVL, 200mm TL) with slender bodies and head distinct from neck. Eye large (>1/3 head height), bulbous, and black in life, with pupil not easily distinguishable from iris. Pupil round in preservative (though this may be an effect of fixation). Dorsum coloration grayish-brown with iridescent sheen in life and preservation, no light-colored nuchal collar in adults, and posterior supralabials mostly unpigmented (<50%). Ventral coloration primarily bright yellow, extending onto margins of ventral scales and supralabials. Anterior one-third of ventral surface yellow; posterior two-thirds to vent becomes increasingly mottled, and ventral surface of tail same color as dorsum. Remarks. This species was referred to as Synophis cf. bicolor by Pyron et al. (2015) . The cleared-and-stained skull of the male holotype was prepared by Martinez (2011) , with illustrations of the cranium and mandible (her Figs. 15, 18, & 22), but the hemipenis was not illustrated or described in detail. Condition of the vertebrae, which are heavily modified in Emmochliophis and some Synophis ( Fritts & Smith 1969 ; Savitzky 1974 ; Hillis 1990 ) unknown, pending skeletal preparation, micro-CT scanning, or X-rays. Has a very small known range to the east of Yarumal, Colombia , at ~ 1300–1600m around Campamento, Anori, and Amalfi. Two reportedly similar specimens in the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN) were collected slightly to the south of the populations sampled here, at lower elevations (~ 900–1300m ; Table 2 ). We did not examine these individuals, but it seems likely that they are also S. niceforomariae , and that the range of the species is slightly larger ( Fig. 4 ). With this new species and the re-assignment of numerous specimens examined by Pyron et al. (2015) and Torres-Carvajal et al. (2015) , the known species limits of many Synophis taxa have changed. In particular, Pyron et al. (2015) assigned specimens of S. bogerti , S. calamitus , and S. niceforomariae to S. bicolor and assigned specimens of S. zamora to S. bicolor and S. lasallei . Similarly, Torres-Carvajal assigned specimens of S. niceforomariae to S. bicolor . Using the updated information from the combined datasets ( Tables 1 , 2 ), we provide a checklist with updated summaries of geographic, elevational, and external morphological data useful for classifying the 9 species of Synophis known to date: