Multilocus phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Crematogaster inflata-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South-East Asia Author Hosoishi, Shingo Author Maruyama, Munetoshi Author Yamane, Seiki Author Jaitrong, Weeyawat Author Hashim, Rosli Author Syaukani, Syaukani Author Sokh, Heng Author Itioka, Takao Author Meleng, Paulus Author Pham, Thai Hong text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2023 2023-07-01 198 3 901 922 https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/198/3/901/7197147 journal article 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad005 0024-4082 8141964 The Crematogaster Ʋacca-subgroup The phylogenetic relationship between the C. Ʋaccasubgroup and their ancestral state reconstruction suggests that their common ancestor occurred in the Sundaic region and its founder dispersed to Sumatra ( Fig. 4 ). During glacial periods, the populations ( C. yamanei ) retracted into glacial forest refugia. When environmental conditions became favourable for expansion, the populations recolonized, but in the Sundaic region they were restricted to higher elevation areas due to competition with the C. inflata -subgroup and the C. difformis -subgroup, which were already present in this area at lower elevations. Crematogaster yamanei is endemic to Sumatra , but closely related to C. Ʋacca , which is distributed in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Meijaard’s (2004) mammal studies suggested that Sumatra shares elements of its fauna with both the Bornean/Javan and Malayan regions as a result of secondary contact. Those patterns are found in the younger taxon C. yamanei , but not in the older taxon C. mucronata . The restricted distributions of C. mucronata and C. yamanei could have resulted from another speciation event and extirpation of the relatives, respectively.