Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini) Author Piovesan, Mônica Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Author Casagrande, Mirna Martins Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Author Lamas, Gerardo Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14 - 0434, Lima- 14, Peru Author Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil text Zootaxa 2024 2024-08-07 5492 4 451 504 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1 1175-5326 13268990 2A2EF4A3-42AC-4C8B-886F-107FF342292E Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] ( Figs 2–7 ) Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] . Gen. diurn. Lep. 1 , pl. 58, fig. 2 (d).—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. , p. 127.— Scudder, 1875 . Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts & Sc. 10 (2): 160.— Kirby, 1879 . Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 108.— Burmeister, 1879 . Descr. phys. Rép. Arg. 5, Atlas , p. 23; biol.— Godman & Salvin, 1881 . Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 122.—Staudinger, 1886, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (15), pl. 72 (female d, v).— Staudinger, 1887 , in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214.—Schatz, 1888, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (4), pl. 32 (venation).— Röber, 1889 , in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 192.— Stichel, 1904 , in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20 , p. 10.— Stichel, 1909 . Das Tierreich 25 : 27.— Fruhstorfer, 1912 , in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 290, pl. 62b (d).— Rothschild, 1916 . Novit. Zool . 23 (3): 309, pl. 3, figs 5 (larva), 6 (pupa); biol.—Costa Lima, 1928. Arch. Esc. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet. 8 (1/2): 138; hostplant.—Zikán, 1928. Ent. Rdsch. 45 (3): 10.— Stichel, 1932 . Lep. Cat. 51 , p. 22.—Hemming, 1941. Jour. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 1 : 458.— Hemming, 1943 . Proc. r. ent. Soc. London (B) 12 (2): 26.—Biezanko & Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron. , Montevideo, 50 : 145.—J. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968. Pesq. agropec. bras. 3 : 50; hostplant.—Silva et al ., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 328; hostplant.—Smart, 1975. Enc. Butt. World , p. 240, fig. 1 (male v).— Blandin, 1977 . Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup. , Paris, 9 : 163, 175, 209, fig. 40 (geogr. distr.); biogeogr.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3 , p. 394, 395 (figs male d, female v).—Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; hostplant.— Emmel, 1991 . Trop. Lep. 2 (2): 151, fig. 1a, b (larvae d).—Casagrande, 1992. Rev. bras. Ent. 36 (4): 723, fig. 5 (male d, v); biol., hostplant.—Casagrande, 1995. Rev. bras. Zool. 12 (3): 683, fig. 21 (female gen.).— Penz et al ., 1999 . Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 148; hostplant.— Casagrande, 2002 . Rev. bras. Zool. 19 (2): 471; biol.— Casagrande, 2004 . Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea , in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A , p. 203; syn .: maculatus .— Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2 , p. 858; hostplant.—D’Abrera, 2005. World Butt. , p. 94, 245, pl. 125, fig. 2 (male d).— Penz, 2007 . Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 674; phylog.— Garzón-Orduña & Penz, 2009 . Zootaxa 2134 : 2, figs 1a (male d, v), b (female d), 4, 6 (phylogenetic tree), 8h, j (male gen.), 9g (female gen.). — Santos et al ., 2011. Biota Neotrop. 11 (3): 272.— Penz et al ., 2013 . Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 3; phylog. — Penz & Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 155.—Pérez et al ., 2017. Shilap Revta. lepid. 45 (179): 444.— Matos-Maraví et al . 2021 . Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog. Dynastor napoleo [ sic ]; Westwood, 1851 , in Doubleday. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 347; Brazil .—Lucas, 1851, in Chenu (ed.). Enc. d’Hist. nat., Pap. diurn. , p. 171. Dynastor napoléon [ sic ]; Burmeister, l873. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 3 (1): 44; biol. Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922. Int. ent. Ztschr. 16 (8): 68; 1 female [ holotype ]; Rio de Janeiro , [ Brazil ] . Dynastor napoleon f. maculata [ sic ]; Stichel, 1932 . Lep. Cat. 51 , p. 22. FIGURE 2. Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] : Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Brazil, Santa Catarina (DZ 49.739– DZUP). The black arrow indicates the diagnostic character of the species. FIGURE 3. Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] : Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (UFFLMNH MGCL 1107864–MGCL). Taxonomic history. Dynastor napoleon has been cited in reviews, catalogs, checklists, and natural history studies, with no taxonomic modifications since its description. Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus was treated as a form of Dynastor napoleon until it was considered a subjective synonym by Casagrande (2004) . Type material . Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] was named based on an illustration, without indication of provenance. The description and geographical distribution (“ Brazil ”) were supplied afterwards by Westwood (1851) . One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type / Dynastor napoleon Doubl. Hew. (Napoleo. Boisd M.S.) Type ♀ ./ B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6104 Dynastor napoleon , ♀ Bates./ Dynastor napoleon (B) D4 #.pl 58 f2/. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen (presumably the single one on which Hewitson’s illustration in Doubleday was based) is hereby designated as the lectotype of Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2024/. FIGURE 4. Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] : Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view; aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (DZ 49.740–DZUP). FIGURE 5. Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] : Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of the corpus bursae without signa; c. ventral view (DZ 49.351–DZUP). FIGURE 6. Geographical distribution of Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] . Asterisk (*) inside the sampled locality indicates that the geographical distribution data was retrieved from the bibliography. Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 was described based on one female [ holotype ] from Rio de Janeiro. According to ICZN (Art. 45.6.4), as Dynastor napoleon forma maculatus was first published before 1961, the name has a subspecific rank. M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas did not find the holotype . Dr. Marek Wanat, the curator of the MNHW, where Niepelt’s specimens are deposited ( Jałoszyński et al. 2014 ), informed the authors that this holotype was not found in the institution and is believed to be lost. Therefore, a female neotype of Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 is hereby designated to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The specimen selected as neotype is the same here designated as the lectotype of Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , as interpreted by Casagrande (2004) , has the same morphological characters as defined in the original description, is deposited at the NHMUK, and the following label will be attached: / Neotypus Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922, Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2024/. Diagnosis. Dynastor napoleon is easily distinguished from its congeners in having the DHW with an orange band extending from the costal to the inner margin (figs 2–3). Variation. FW, length: male 50–72 mm (n=5), female 68–87 mm (n=5). DFW, size and shape of the spots that form the oblique band. VFW, number, size, shape, and color of the yellowish spots; shape and color of the grayish apical patch. DHW, width of the marginal band. VHW, size and shape of the spots in Sc+R 1 –Rs, M 1 –M 2 , and CuA 1 –CuA 2 . FIGURE 7. Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] . Lectotype of Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] ; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view. Comments. Dynastor napoleon is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, occurring at relatively high elevations (850– 1,800 m ). This species was added to the list of endangered fauna in the State of Rio de Janeiro as vulnerable ( Otero et al. 2000 ), but with insufficient data to assess its status throughout the country ( Camargo et al. 2018 ). Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 was proposed based on the shape and color of the spots that form the DFW band, two variable characters. Therefore, it is confirmed that Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus is synonymous with Dynastor napoleon . Natural history. Information on the immature stages of Dynastor napoleon can be found in Burmeister (1879) , Rothschild (1916) and Emmel (1991) ; hybridization with Dynastor darius in Otero & Casagrande (1992) . Dynastor napoleon is found in the highest mountain valleys north of the bay of Rio de Janeiro , in Nova Friburgo and Petrópolis ( Burmeister 1879 ); larvae were also found in Curitiba, Paraná , Brazil , at an urban park (voucher DZUPIL 016) and in São Bento do Sul, Santa Catarina , Brazil (voucher DZUPIL 014). Hostplants: Bromeliaceae : Aechmea sp. ( Costa Lima 1927 ), “pineapple bromeliad” ( Emmel 1991 ), Vriesea Lindl. ( Otero & Casagrande 1992 ) . Geographic distribution. Brazil ( Minas Gerais , Espírito Santo , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina , Rio Grande do Sul ) ( Fig. 6 ), at elevations between 850 and 1,800 m . Temporal distribution. January–April, September–December. Etymology. Named in honor of French Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte. Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Dynastor napoleon ( Fig. 7 ), and the following specimens: BRAZIL : Minas Gerais —Passa Quatro, 1,650 m , 23-II-1957 , 1 female , A. Pereira leg., ex-coll. R. Frey , DZ 49.790 ( DZUP ) . Espírito Santo — Santa Tereza , 1 female , ex-coll. D’Almeida , DZ 49.699 ( DZUP ) , 500 m , 17- IX-1972 , 1 male *, Gentilli leg., ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 2415 ( DZUP ) . Rio de Janeiro —no locality, 31-I-1927 , 1 female , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107864 ( MGCL ) ; Petrópolis , 21-I-1963 , 2 males , Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 49.569 , 49.770 ( DZUP ) , 2 females , AMNH_IZC 00352909, 00352913 ( AMNH ) , 1 male , ex-coll. W. Schaus , USNMENT01589348 ( USNM ) , 1 male , 1 female , 19-I-1909 , 1 female , 15-I-1909 , 1 male , USNMENT01589353, 01589354, 01589356, 01589357 ( USNM ) , Nova Friburgo , ( Muri ) , 19-II-1957 , 1 female , O. Mielke leg., OM 247 ( DZUP-OM ), ( Independência ) , 16-I-1929 , 1 female , Gagarin leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida , DZ 49.651 ( DZUP ) , 29- XI-1970 , 1 male , Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 49.559 ( DZUP ), ( Parque São Vicente ) , 23-I-1963 , 1 female , Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 49.339 ( DZUP ) . São Paulo —[ Campos do Jordão ] ( Umuarama ) , 1,800 m , 3–5- II-1937 , 2 males , Gagarin leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 49.720, 2408 ( DZUP ) . Paraná — Curitiba , 9-II-1968 , 1 male , Moure leg., DZ 49.789 ( DZUP ) , 10-II-1979 , 1 female *, Sales leg., DZ 2336 ( DZUP ) , 25-I-1971 , 1 male *, Flori leg., DZ 2339 ( DZUP ) , 900 m , 23-XII-1969 , 1 male , 15-II-1967 , 1 female , O. Mielke leg., DZ 49.760 , 49.579 ( DZUP ) ; Ponta Grossa, XII-1947 , 1 male , 2 females , 13-XII-1947 , 1 male , XI-1947 , 3 males , 1952, 1 male , IX-1952 , 1 female , F. Justus leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida , DZ 49.479, 49.529, 49.729, 49.459, 49.799, 49.639, 49.769, 49.590, 49.679 ( DZUP ) ; Castro , 1 male , ex-coll. W. Schaus , USNMENT01589350 ( USNM ) . Santa Catarina —no locality, 14-IX-1967 , 1 male , 11-XII-956, 1 male , 12-XII-1956 , 1 male , 28-XII-1965 , 1 male , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107848–1107851 ( MGCL ) , 1 male , 2 females , ex-coll. F. Johnson , AMNH_IZC 00352910, 00352915, 00352917 ( AMNH ) , 29-II-1960 , 1 female , ex-coll. Perkins , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107852 ( MGCL ) , 22-XII-1965 , 1 male , ex-coll. Gottlieb , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107853 ( MGCL ) ; São Bento do Sul, 3-X-1968 , 1 male , 4-I-1972 , 1 male , 16-I-1972 , 2 females , ex-coll. N. Tangerini , DZ 49.719, 49.560, 49.469, 49.449 ( DZUP ) , 1 female , 1 male , ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 49.489 , 49.610 ( DZUP ) , 2-X-1968 , 1 female , 2-X-1969 , 1 male , 5-XII-1970 , 1 male , 27-XI-1970 , 1 male , 26-XI-1970 , 1 male , 9-XI-1970 , 1 female , 11-I-1971 , 1 male , 9-XII-1972 , 1 male , 19-XII-1971 , 1 female , 25- III-1971 , 1 female , 3-XII-1970 , 1 male , Weiss leg., ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 49.599, 49.499, 49.369, 49.650, 49.810, 49.670, 49.620, 49.640, 49.379, 49.629, 49.389, ( DZUP ) , 20-IV-1975 , 1 male , Baumann leg., ex-coll. Gagarin , DZ 49.749 ( DZUP ) , III-1954 , 1 female , Weiss leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr , DZ 49.319 ( DZUP ) , 850 m , I-1972 , 2 females , II-1974 , 1 male , 1 female , XII-1974 , 1 male , 30-XI-1969 , 1 male *, 1 female *, 30-XI-1969 , 1 male , 1 female , ex-coll. H. Ebert , DZ 49.549, 49.509, 49.700, 49.419, 49.671, 49.740, 49.759, 49.351, 49.750 ( DZUP ) , 06-XII-1973 , 1 male , 11-XII-1973 , 1 male , Rank leg., DZ 49.659 , 49.669 ( DZUP ) , Catarina - São Bento do Sul , 1975 , 1 male , 1979, 1 female , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107854, 1107863 ( MGCL ) , XI-1977 , 1 male , Hayden leg., AMNH_IZC 00352916 ( AMNH ) , 20-XII-1954 , 1 female , A. Maller leg., ex-coll. A. Schmitt , USNMENT01589347 ( USNM ) , 20-XII-1954 , 1 female , A. Maller leg., USNMENT01589355 ( USNM ), ( Rio Vermelho ) , 850 m , XI-2003 , 1 male , Rank leg., OM-63953 ( OM-DZUP ) , 12-XI-2003 , 2 males , Rank leg., OM OM 63.263 , 63.291 ( OM-DZUP ) , XII-2009 , 2 females **, XII-2009 , 2 males , 3 females , 2-X-2005 , 1 male , XII-2006 , 1 male , 1 female , 22-X-1968 , 1 male , 10-II-1972 , 1 male , 27-II-1972 , 1 female , 12-XII-1980 , 1 female , 15-XII-1980 , 1 female , Rank leg., DZ 49.580, 49.730, 49.809, 49.570, 49.409, 49.690, 49.710, 49.739, 49.791, 49.439, 49.709, 49.649, 49.660, 49.619, 49.609 ( DZUP ) , XII-1945 , 1 female , A. Maller leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson , AMNH_IZC 00352911 ( AMNH ) , XI-1965 , 1 female , Hayden leg., AMNH_IZC 00352918 ( AMNH ) , XII-1963 , 1 male , USNMENT00941190 ( USNM ) ; Joinville , III-1968 , 1 male , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107855 ( MGCL ) , 18-XI-1971 , 1 male , 15-IX-1972 , 1 male , USNMENT00941169, 01589344 ( USNM ) . Rio Grande do Sul — Santa Cruz do Sul , 16-III-1958 , 1 male , UFFLMNH MGCL 1107856 ( MGCL ) .