Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica Author Taylor, Abbie Department of Natural Sciences, Amgueddfa Cymru - Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF 10 3 NP, Wales, U. K. & School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF 10 3 AX, Wales, U. K. Author Mortimer, Kate 0000-0002-3430-1659 Department of Natural Sciences, Amgueddfa Cymru - Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF 10 3 NP, Wales, U. K. & Katie. Mortimer @ museumwales. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3430 - 1659 ortimer@museumwales.ac.uk Author Jimi, Naoto Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba, Japan & Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia text Zootaxa 2022 2022-10-21 5196 4 451 491 journal article 171433 10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1 5981d91b-b1c3-4599-b241-58cd7f3937b6 1175-5326 7235610 D11B689F-70DF-4B27-959D-63A520D125E2 Magelona boninensis sp. nov. [Japanese name: Bonin-morote-gokai] Figs 14–18 Type locality : Bonin Islands, Japan ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3CED40AC-71DB-4DF0-AFA8-FB56B1862FF2 Material examined. JAPAN , Chichijima Island , Bonin Islands – Ougiura Beach ( Holotype , NMW .Z.2022.001.0002, af; imaged paratypes , NMW .Z.2022.001.0003, af, pf; paratypes , NMW .Z.2022.001.0004, 8af, 4f, 4 loose palps; NSMT-Pol P-890, 7af (etoh); imaged paratypes , NMW .Z.2022.001.0005, 3af (formalin fixed); paratypes , NMW . Z.2022.001.0006, 2af, 4f, 2 loose palps (formalin fixed; last chaetiger of 67 chaetiger specimen dissected and slide mounted); NSMT-Pol P-891, 2af (formalin fixed); dissected paratype , NMW .Z.2022.001.0007, af; SEM stub mounted paratypes (dried and sputter-coated), NMW .Z.2022.001.0008–9, 2af), ( 27.0738 , 142.2019 ), sandy sediment, collected by NJ, by snorkelling, 1–2 m depth , 27/03/2015 . Omura Beach ( Paratypes , NMW .Z.2022.001.0010, af; NSMT-Pol P-892, af), ( 27.0933 , 142.1938 ), sandy sediment, collected by NJ by snorkelling, 1–2 m depth , 26/03/2015 . Diagnosis. Prostomium longer than wide with distinct prostomial horns. Notopodia of chaetigers 1–8 with slender foliaceous postchaetal lamellae with crenulate margins, expanded as cirriform superior dorsal lobes. Neuropodia with slender triangular ventral lamellae; chaetiger 8 with additional triangular postchaetal lamellae. Notopodia of chaetiger 9 with rounded postchaetal lamellae confluent with prechaetal ridges and expanded as lateral cirriform lobes. Neuropodia of chaetiger 9 similar to preceding chaetiger. All thoracic chaetae bilimbate capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae basally constricted with postchaetal expansions. Hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups. Posteriorly open pouches present. Dimensions. A moderately large species ( Figs 14A ; 15E ; 16D ); junction between thorax and abdomen distinct, abdomen thicker and wider than thorax. Thorax appearing dorsoventrally flattened in comparison to more rounded abdomen ( Figs 15F ; 16B ). All specimens posteriorly incomplete, one posterior fragment present in vial ( Fig. 16F ). Thoracic chaetiger length approximately one and a half times width from chaetiger 3 onwards ( Figs 14A ; 15B ; 16B, C ). Holotype dimensions: prostomium 1.25 mm long, 1 mm wide; thorax 7.0 mm long (including prostomium), 0.6 mm wide; abdomen 1.0 mm wide; total length approximately 37.0 mm for 65 chaetigers. Posterior fragment 68 chaetigers long. Other paratypes with 17–103 chaetigers for 7.5–44.4 mm . Description. Prostomium longer than wide (L:W ratio 1.07–1.43); spatulate, anterior margin triangular, appearing smooth, but minute crenulations apparent across entire margin only under high magnification ( Figs 14B ; 18J ). Conspicuous prostomial horns present, separated from distal prostomial margin by a large degree ( Figs 14A, B ; 15A, B ; 16A ; 17D ; 18J ). Lateral margins often appearing undulating due to length of prostomium. Two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular ridges present, outer pair ridged transversely and abutting inners for entire length: inner pair diverging distally into each horn. Distinct patterned areas either side of ridges, oblong of varying sizes, additional small circular markings present towards outer edges of the prostomium ( Figs 14B ; 18J ). Burrowing organ almost entirely everted on holotype , heart-shaped, longitudinally ridged inferiorly, upper surface smoother but with some longitudinal ridging ( Fig. 16B ). Burrowing organ additionally everted on 24 specimens : heart-shaped when fully everted ( ten specimens ) ( Fig. 17B ), round to oval when partially everted ( 14 specimens ) ( Figs 15D ; 16D ). Right-hand palp retained on holotype , extending to approximately chaetiger 43, non-papillated region reaching mid chaetiger 3. Papillae long, lengthening towards distal palp tips, slender, digitiform ( Figs 15A, B, D, E ; 16A, D ). Papillae in three rows either side of an indistinct longitudinal line proximally and medially, reducing to one row either side at distal tips ( Fig. 17A, C, D ). Palps additionally present (at least partially) on 22 paratypes , long and slender; arising ventrolaterally from base of prostomium, reaching chaetigers 24–50. Achaetous region behind prostomium approximately one and a half times the size of chaetiger 1 ( Figs 14A ; 15A ). Chaetigers 1–7 similar; parapodia biramous ( Figs 14C–I ; 15F ; 16B ; 18A–G ); notopodia with low triangular prechaetal lamellae confluent with large spatulate to slender foliaceous postchaetal lamellae, upper margins lightly crenulated. Notopodial lamellae marginally longer than neuropodial ones. Long slender, cirriform, prechaetal superior dorsal lobes present. Neuropodial pre- and postchaetal lamellae as low ridges, forming distinct cuff-like structures confluent with ventral triangular lamellae beneath chaetal bundle, of similar size along thorax. Slight postchaetal expansion from approximately chaetiger 5. Chaetiger 8 parapodia similar to preceding chaetigers ( Figs 14J ; 15F ; 16B ; 18H ), however, neuropodia with additional triangular postchaetal lamellae of similar size to the ventral lamellae. Notopodial prechaetal lamellae of chaetiger 9 as low ridges confluent with rounded postchaetal lamellae (smaller than those of preceding chaetigers) and inferiorly expanded as small cirriform processes; superior dorsal lobes absent ( Figs 14K ; 15F ; 16B ; 18I ). Neuropodia with triangular postchaetal lamellae confluent with low prechaetal ridges and smaller digitiform prechaetal lamellae. Thoracic chaetae smooth, bilimbate capillaries ( Fig. 14M ), marginally longer in notopodia than neuropodia ( Fig. 14C–I ). Distinctly splayed in posterior thorax ( Fig. 14J, K ). Chaetae of mid rami of chaetiger 9 with slightly irregular blades, tips of which are bent at roughly 45 degrees to shaft, not as marked as the irregular blades noted by Brasil (2003) ( Figs 14N ; 18K ). Paired, reniform ventral swellings present from chaetigers 6–9 ( Fig. 15F ). FIGURE 14. Magelona boninensis sp. nov. (NMW.Z.2022.001.0003, Paratype, A; NMW.Z.2022.001.0007, Paratype, B, M–Q; NMW.Z.2022.001.0002, Holotype, C–L). A, anterior region (prostomium and chaetigers 1–10), dorsal view; B, prostomium, dorsal view; C–L, parapodia of chaetigers 1–10 respectively, anterior views; M, outer capillary notochaetae of chaetiger 9; N, mid-ramus capillary notochaetae of chaetiger 9; O, tridentate abdominal hooded hook, oblique-lateral view; P, tridentate abdominal hooded hook, frontal view; Q, acicular chaeta from chaetiger 11, lateral view. Ac = ‘acicular’ chaeta, BO = burrowing organ, Neuro = neuropodia, Noto = notopodia, PE = postchaetal expansion, Pre = prechaetal, PH = prostomial horns, Post = postchaetal, Pp = palp, SDL = superior dorsal lobe, numbers indicate chaetiger. FIGURE 15. Magelona boninensis sp. nov. (NMW.Z.2022.001.0003, Paratypes, A, B, D; NMW.Z.2022.001.0005, Paratypes, C, E, F,). B, D, F, stained with Methyl Green. A, anterior region (prostomium and chaetigers 1–9), dorsal view; B, anterior region (prostomium and chaetigers 1–13), dorsal view; C, thorax and anterior abdomen, dorsal view; D, anterior region (prostomium and chaetigers 1–7), ventral view; E, whole specimen, dorsal view; F, thoracic-abdominal junction showing ventral swellings, ventrolateral view. Ab = abdomen, BO = burrowing organ, PH = prostomial horns, Pp = palp, Pr = prostomium, VS = ventral swellings, Th = thorax, numbers indicate chaetiger. FIGURE 16. Magelona boninensis sp. nov. (NMW.Z.2022.001.0003, Paratypes, A, D, F; NMW.Z.2022.001.0002, Holotype, B, E; NMW.Z.2022.001.0005, Paratypes, C). A–C, E, F, stained with Methyl Green. A, whole specimen, dorsal view; B, anterior region (prostomium and chaetigers 1–13), lateral view; C, anterior, dorsal view; D, whole specimen, ventral view; E, chaetigers 18–23, lateral view (interparapodial patches visible); F, posterior showing pygidium (anal cirri and anus), ventral view. AC = anal cirri, BO = burrowing organ, Pg = pygidium, PH = prostomial horns, Pr = prostomium, numbers indicate chaetiger. FIGURE 17. SEM images of Magelona boninensis sp. nov. (NMW.Z.2022.001.0008a, Paratypes, A & D; NMW. Z.2022.001.0008b, Paratype, G; NMW.Z.2022.001.0009a, Paratypes, B & C; NMW.Z.2022.001.0009b, Paratypes, E & H; NMW.Z.2022.001.0009c, Paratype, F). A, anterior region (prostomium, palps, and chaetigers 1–5), dorsal view; B, burrowing organ and non-papillated palp region, ventrolateral view; C, proximal and mid-palp region; D, prostomium, dorsal view; E, abdominal lamellae (showing triangular processes, postchaetal expansion, lateral organ, and hooded hooks), posterior view; F, medially split posteriorly open pouch, lateral view; G, tridentate hooks, lateral view (hoods broken by sonication, for clarity); H, abdominal parapodia, ventrolateral view. BO = burrowing organ, LO = lateral organ, PE= postchaetal expansion, PH = prostomial horns, Pp= palp, TP = triangular processes. FIGURE 18. SEM and images of Magelona boninensis sp. nov. (NMW.Z.2022.001.0008a, Paratypes, A–I; NMW. Z.2022.001.0007, Paratypes, J–O). A–I, parapodia of chaetigers 1–9 respectively (A, B, H, I, left-hand side of body; C–G, righthand side of body). J, prostomium, dorsal view; K, bilimbate capillary chaetae from chaetiger 9; L, tridentate hooded hooks from chaetiger 11 in two groups vis-à-vis , postchaetal expansion visible behind chaetae, anterior view; M, tridentate hooded hook from chaetiger 11, frontal view; N and O, acicular chaetae from chaetiger 11, anterior view. Ac = acicular chaetae, Neuro = neuropodia; Noto = notopodia, PH = prostomial horns, SDL = superior dorsal lobe, numbers indicate chaetiger. Abdominal chaetigers shorter in anterior abdomen but lengthening towards posterior ( Fig. 16A ). Abdominal parapodia with large rounded triangular to spatulate lateral lamellae (edges of lamellae minutely wavy in anterior abdomen) of about equal size in both rami; basally constricted ( Figs 14L ; 15F ; 16E ; 17E, F ). Abdominal lamellae reduce to slender digitiform on extreme posterior chaetigers ( Fig. 16F ). Postchaetal expansion of lateral lamellae behind chaetal rows distinct, triangular ( Figs 14L ; 17E ). Expansion reducing in size towards posterior but still evident until ten chaetigers before pygidium. Triangular processes (DML, VML) present at inner margins of chaetal rows, long, present until approximately ten chaetigers before pygidium. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks ( Figs 14O, P ; 17G ; 18L, M ), approximately ten per ramus in anterior abdomen, in two groups vis-à-vis ( Figs 17H ; 18L ), all of a similar size. Group at outer margin of ramus with approximately twice the number of hooks. Hooks reducing to six or seven per ramus towards posterior. Lamellae of each ramus internally supported by a single curved abdominal support (‘acicula’) chaeta ( Figs 14Q ; 18N, O ), terminating in a tridentate(?) hooded hook. Exact dentition of each chaeta difficult to assess due to size but apical teeth present. Paired posteriorly open pouches ( Figs 16A ; 17F ) present on consecutive segments, starting from around chaetigers 32–50 (observed on 20 specimens , remaining specimens too short to observe pouches). Pouches present for holotype on chaetigers 40–65 on right-hand side of body, and chaetigers 42–65 on left. Pouches appear as simple folds, medially split, present until approximately eight chaetigers from the pygidium (observed from posterior fragment, Fig. 16F ). Eggs present in ten specimens , approximately 70 μm in diameter (clearly visible from chaetigers 27–43). Posterior fragment with two long, digitiform pygidial cirri either side of a rounded-triangular pygidium; small, rounded ventrally placed anus ( Fig. 16F ). Colour. No live specimens observed. Colour of preserved specimens uniformly cream in alcohol with light interparapodial abdominal patches ( Figs 15C, E ; 16D ). Methyl Green staining retained for longer period of time on abdomen (almost as transverse bands, with light speckles as interparapodial patches), faint speckled staining apparent at high magnification on thorax (more apparent in posterior thorax, and on ventral surface) ( Fig. 15B, D, F ). Speckled pigmentation along length of palp papillae, and around their bases. Habitat. Type specimens found at low tide at Ougiura and Omura beaches, Chichijima Island , Bonin Islands , Japan ( Fig. 1 ) . Distribution. Magelona boninensis sp. nov. is currently only known from Japan . Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality of the Bonin Islands, Japan Remarks. Nineteen species share morphological similarities with Magelona boninensis sp. nov. in possessing distinct prostomial horns, and in the nature of the thoracic lamellae: Magelona alexandrae Magalhães, BaileyBrock & Watling, 2018 ; M. anuheone ; Magelona cerae Hartman & Reish, 1950 ; Magelona cinthyae Magalhães, Bailey-Brock & Watling, 2018 ; M. cornuta ; M. crenulifrons ; Magelona gemmata Mortimer & Mackie, 2003 ; Magelona lusitanica Mortimer, Gil & Fiege, 2011 ; Magelona marianae Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2000 ; Magelona montera Mortimer, Cassà, Martin & Gil, 2012 ; M. pacifica , Magelona pulchella Mohammad, 1970 ; Magelona sinbadi Mortimer, Cassà, Martin & Gil, 2012 ; Magelona spinifera Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2000 ; Magelona tehuanensis Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2000 ; and Magelona spp. D , G, K, and L of Uebelacker & Jones (1984) . The following species differ from the new species in possessing bidentate and not tridentate hooded hooks of the abdomen: M. pacifica , M. marianae , M. crenulifrons , Magelona spp. D and G, M. cerae , M. pulchella , and M. spinifera . The latter species and Magelona sp. D also differing in possessing spines of the abdominal parapodia. The following species differ from Magelona boninensis sp. nov. in possessing prostomia which are similar in length to width, and thoracic notopodial lamellae which are smooth: M. cornuta , M. cinthyae , M. lusitanica , Magelona sp. L, and M. tehuanensis . The new species shares most similarities with M. pacifica , M. montera , M. gemmata , Magelona spp. G and K, M. sinbadi , M. anuheone , and M. alexandrae in possessing prostomia which are longer than wide with distinct prostomial horns which have a degree of separation from the anterior prostomial margin. As noted above M. pacifica differs in the nature of the abdominal hooks. Magelona montera , from the Western IndoPacific, differs in the shape of the prostomial horns which are laterally rounded. Magelona gemmata and M. sinbadi , also from the Western Indo-Pacific, differ from the new species in possessing smooth notopodial thoracic lamellae. Magelona anuheone , from the Eastern Indo-Pacific, and Magelona sp. K , from the Temperate Northern Atlantic, both also possess smooth notopodial thoracic lamellae, the latter species also differs in the neuropodia of chaetiger 9 which are not triangular as in the new species. Magelona alexandrae , from the Eastern Indo-Pacific, shares many similarities with the new species, however, possesses a smooth prostomial margin and crenulate abdominal lamellae. Additionally, the margins of the notopodial thoracic lamellae are much more distinctly crenulate than in the new species.