<p> <strong> A revision of Afrotropical Quasimodo flies (Diptera: Schizophora; Curtonotidae). Part IV — the continental Afrotropical species of <em> Curtonotum </ em> Macquart, with descriptions of thirteen new species and a combined phylogenetic analysis of the Curtonotidae </ strong> </ p> Author Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. ashley.kirk-spriggs@nasmus.co.za Author Wiegmann, Brian M. ashley.kirk-spriggs@nasmus.co.za text Zootaxa 2013 2013-07-09 3684 1 1 166 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3684.1.1 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3684.1.1 1175-5326 5298914 E922034E-1247-400B-97F6-1778CF766B91 Curtonotum herrero Tsacas, 1977 Figs 106 , 130 , 154, 155 , 160 , 166, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 210, 323. Curtonotum herrero : Tsacas, 1977: 156 ; figs 5 a–e, p. 156. Type locality: [ Namibia ] “ S.-O. Africa (29): Kahn River , 8 km W. Usakos ”. Curtonotum herrero : Wirth and Tsacas (1980: 672) . Curtonotum herrero : Kirk-Spriggs (2008c: 251) . Curtonotum herrero : Klymko and Marshall (2011: 8) . Redescription : Male (primarily based on field-pinned N-T). As redescribed for C . maculiventris (above), differing in the following respects: Measurements : Overall length unknown; 6–9 mm ( Tsacas 1977: 157 ); length of head and thorax combined 3.5–4.5 mm ; length of thorax and scutellum combined 2.8–3.8 mm ; wing length 3.6–6.0 mm ( n = 5, N-T). Head ( Figs 106 , 130 , 154, 155 ). Eye height/length ratio: 15:9 ( n = 1, N-T); frons ( Fig. 130 ) length/width ratio: 11:13 ( n = 1, N-T); arista with 10–11 dorsal branches and 2 or 3 ventral branches in addition to terminal fork; eye height/genal height ratio: 15:3 ( n = 1, N-T). Thorax ( Fig. 106 ). Postpronotum with 18 fine black-brown setulae; the more dorsal katepisternal seta ca . ½ length of ventral katepisternal setae. Legs . Fore tibia with ctenidium of 16–18 long, sharp, black spinules. Wing ( Fig. 160 ). Dm–cu crossvein virtually straight. Abdomen . Sternite 6 ( Fig. 191 ) subquadrate, with extensive brown macula laterally and antero-medially, setulae at apical margin long and prominent, with pair of preapical divergent medial setae. Terminalia ( Figs 194, 197, 200 ). Hypandrium ( Fig. 194 , hy ); postgonite ( Fig. 194 ); epandrium ( ep ); cercus ( ce ); surstylus ( ss ); phallus (as in Figs 197 , ph , bp , dp , lw ; 200, lw , dp ); phallapodeme ( Fig. 197 , ph ); ejaculatory apodeme ( ea ); basiphallus ( bp ) apical section ( Fig. 200 , dp , lw ) with conspicuous lateral wing with 2 basal projections (resembling moose antler); distiphallus ( Figs 197, 200 , dp ) with complex arrangement of projections as illustrated. ♀ Similar to ♂ , except in the following respects: wing length 3.9–6.1 mm ( n = 4, N-T). Auxiliary sclerites in region of sternite 7 as illustrated in Fig. 207 and spermatheca as illustrated in Fig. 210 . Variation . As is the case with C . maculiventris (noted above), this species exhibits an unusually extreme range of sizes, with the smallest specimen examined having a wing length of only 3.6 mm (normal range 5.4–6.0 mm). Such size extremes may be directly related to the larval breeding medium, early pupariation often being triggered by poor larval food availability with smaller resultant imagoes. Differential diagnosis . Curtonotum herrero is mainly separable from its congeners, C . maculiventris and C . striatifrons , on head shape (compare Figs 154–159 ), form of the terminalia, especially the shape of the distiphallus, the lateral wing of the basiphallus ( Figs 197–202 ) and of sternite 6 ( Figs 191–193 ) (see above key for details). Females of the three species can be separated on the shape of the auxiliary sclerites in the region of sternite 7 ( Figs 207–209 ) and the shape and structure of fine protuberances on the spermatheca ( Figs 210–212 ). FIGURES 124–129 . Head and thorax (lateral view) of Afrotropical Curtonotum spp. (all males). 124 . C . constance sp. n. (HT, Angola, 7 mi. N Vila Perreira d’Eça, MNHN). 125 . C . cuthbertsoni (N-T, South Africa, Hartbeespoort, TAU). 126 . C . litoralis sp. n. (PT, [Tanzania], Zanzibar, BMNH). 127 . C . pauliani (N-T, Namibia, Ekuju, NMNW). 128 . C . uncinatum sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Kubunyana camp, NMNW). 129 . C . unicuspis sp. n. (PT, Namibia, Mile 46, NMNW) [head of C . mcgregor sp. n. missing from HT and PT cannot be illustrated]. Not to scale. Type material examined . [ NAMIBIA ]: holotype ♂ , “Holo- / type [paper disc with pale red border] // S.W. AFRICA (29) / [blue line] Kahn River, 5 mls. / N. Usakos / 30–31.i.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972–1 // HOLOTYPE [printed; dark red card] // CURTONOTUM / herrero / n.sp. / L. TSACAS DET. 1976 [printed & handwritten] // Curtonotum / herrero Tsacas, 1977 / A.H. Kirk-Spriggs vidit 2006” (BMNH). In fair condition, left wing, right fore tibia and fore tarsus; left fore tarsus, left and right hind tibia and hind tarsus missing; scutellar setae missing or damaged; re-staged on nu-poly mount; dissected, abdomen and terminalia in micro-vial pinned beneath specimen. Paratypes (all labelled: “ CURTONOTUM / herrero n.sp. / L. TSACAS DET. 1976 [printed & handwritten] // Curtonotum / herrero Tsacas, 1977 / A . H. Kirk-Spriggs vidit 2006”): ANGOLA : 1♀ , “Para- / type [paper disc with yellow border] // ANGOLA ( A15 ) / [blue line] R.Giraul , 10 mls. / NE. Mocamedes / 27– 29.ii.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972–1” ( BMNH ); 1♂ , “ ANGOLA : / 10 mi. SW. of / Quirimbo ♂ / VI- 1-[19] 58, 180m // E.S. Ross & / R.E. Leech / collectors // PARATYPE [printed; dark red card]” ( CAS ). [ NAMIBIA ]: 1♂ , “Para- / type [paper disc with yellow border] // S.W.AFRICA (31) / Okahandja / 2–4.ii.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972–1” ( BMNH ); 1♂ , “S.W.AFRICA (31) / Okahandja / 2–4.ii.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972–1 // PARATYPE [printed; red card]” ( MNHN ) . Remarks . Tsacas (1977: 157) lists two male paratypes from Okahandja, but only one is present in the BMNH collection. The second specimen is in fact deposited in MNHN. Tsacas (1977: 157) also lists the label data of the paratype from Angola as “ 16 km S.W. of Quirimbo …”, in truth the label reads “ 10 mi. SW of Quirimbo …”. Additional material examined (all labelled “ Curtonotum herrero Tsacas, 1977 det. A.H. Kirk-Spriggs 2006/ 2013”): [ NAMIBIA ], 1♂ , S.W. Africa , Okahandja , 3–9.ii.1928 , R.E. Turner , Brit. Mus. 1928–119 ( BMNH ) ; 1♂ , Okahandja [SE2116Dd], 29.3.[19]52, [ex coll. Fritz Gaerdes ] ( NMSA ) ; 1♂ , same data, except: 29.iii.[19]52, Curtonotum herrero sp. n. L. Tsacas det. 1977 ( MNHN ) ; 1♀ , Namibia , 60 km E Otjiwarongo , rd 101, 20°39'S , 17° 05'E , 20.iii.1984 , J. Londt & B.R. Stuckenberg , Acacia thornveld and dry river course [not plotted on Fig. 323 ] ( NMSA ) ; 10♂ , 3♀ , Khorixas District , River on Amkarab 269 at: 19°50'12"S 14°42'16"E , 24–26.v.2001 , A . H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais , Malaise traps ; 1♂ , Windhoek District , Davelsaub 29, 22°25'58"S 16°09'5"E , 01.iii.2004 , A . H. Kirk-Spriggs , ephemeral riverbed (all NMNW ) . Distribution . Angola and Namibia ( Fig. 323 ). Restricted to higher elevations in the Namibian and Angolan sections of the Great Escarpment. Bionomics . Occurring in six habitat types ; predominantly in Deserts and Xeric Shrublands, with one record from the Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands vegetation type (Appendix III ). Sampled with Malaise traps in ephemeral riverbeds in Namibia .