A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts Author Suzuki, Noritoshi Author Caulet, Jean-Pierre Author Dumitrica, Paulian text Geodiversitas 2021 2021-07-08 43 15 405 573 journal article 5275 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a15 a8353504-9387-42cf-8d81-8ecacbe9bd90 1638-9395 5101757 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DC259A19-9B35-4B33-AD9F-44F4E1DA9983 Order ENTACTINARIA Kozur & Mostler, 1982 Molecular phylogenetic lineage III ( Sandin et al. 2021 ) DIAGNOSIS. — One, to rarely two or three, spherical cortical shells, whose wall are made of a spongy layer or of a spherical shape consisting of a full coarse mesh. The central cubic structure is framed with sharp corners and contains a heteropolar microsphere; with MB and two A-rays on its top. Following an author’s recommen- dation (PD), the Lineage III is regarded as a living Entactinaria . Nonetheless, it is noted that the true genus Entactinia have a MB and two sets of radial rays at both ends; however, it has never been observed in living Entactinaria ( Nakamura et al. 2020 : supplement). REMARKS We include the Rhizosphaeroidea (Clade G: Haliommilla , Rhizosphaera ), Centrocuboidea (Clade H: Octodendron ; Clade I: Plegmosphaeromma ), Centrolonchoidea , Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea in the Entactinaria sensu Dumitrica , but the diagnosis for the Lineage III shown above does not include Centrolonchoidea , Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea due to the lack of molecular support. The axopodial system was regarded as a determinant character applicable to superfamily or order level taxonomy ( Hollande & Enjumet 1960 ; Cachon & Cachon 1985 ). However, molecular phylogenetic studies ( Sandin et al. 2021 ) discarded this hypothesis.