Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) Author Espeland, Marianne Author Nakahara, Shinichi Author Zacca, Thamara Author Barbosa, Eduardo P. Author Huertas, Blanca Author Marín, Mario A. Author Lamas, Gerardo Author Benmesbah, Mohamed Author Brévignon, Christian Author Casagrande, Mirna M. Author Fåhraeus, Christer Author Grishin, Nick Author Kawahara, Akito Y. Author Mielke, Olaf H. H. Author Miller, Jacqueline Y. Author Nakamura, Ichiro Author Navas, Vanessa Author Patrusky, Brooke Author Pyrcz, Tomasz W. Author Richards, Lindsay Author Tan, Denise Author Tyler, Stephanie Author Viloria, Angel Author Warren, Andrew D. Author Xiao, Lei Author Freitas, André V. L. Author Willmott, Keith R. text Zoological Research 2023 2023-02-15 2023 1 73 journal article 10.1111/syen.12590 bfb878f3-8a74-46d3-a104-36485c32aaba 7909395 Occulta ocnus ( Butler, 1867 ) combinatio nova. Euptychia ocnus Butler (1867 , p. 467) . TL: Tapajos [Pará, Brazil]; Villa Nova (=Parintins) [Amazonas, Brazil]. Types : ST female: ‘ BMNH ( E )-1,266,945//Tapajos, Amazons. H. W. Bates// Type of Species// Type H. T.// ♀ // ♀ Tapajos ocnus Butler Type //B. M. Type No. Rh 3179 Euptychia ocnus ♀ Butl.//Godman-Salvin Coll. 1904:1. Euptychia ocnus, Butl. ’, ( NHMUK ) [ Figure 30d,e , examined]. ST female: ‘Villa Nova, Amazons. Coll. by Bates. 56 – 44.//Villa Nova// BMNH ( E ) 1497830’, ( NHMUK ) [examined]. = Euptychia libye f . gracilis ( Weymer, 1911 ; 212, figure 48f) TL: Pebas, [Loreto], Peru. Types : ST male, ‘ LECTOTYPE ♂ Euptychia libye f. gracilis Weymer, 1911 By G. Lamas (‘94//Pebas//Libye - Forma// libyoidea Btlr’), ( SMTD ) (figured in Warren et al., 2022 , examined). Taxonomy . Butler (1867 , p. 467) described this species from Brazil, based on an unspecified number of specimens from Tapaj́os, in Bates ’ s collection, and ‘Villa Nova’, in the NHMUK . The original description closely matches two female syntypes in the NHMUK from Tapajos ́and Villa Nova, in particular in describing the five main ocelli in the VHW as comprising three that are encircled with yellow and each having two pupils, and the remaining two as being yellow with a central silver line. Weymer (1911 , p. 212, pl. 48f) described Euptychia libye f. gracilis based on an unspecified number of specimens from Pebas, Peru, in the collection of Bang-Haas, and the figure of the ventral surface corresponds with the specimen labelled as lectotype by Lamas in the SMTD . In comparison with the two syntypes of ocnus , this specimen is somewhat paler, and it has a distinct rather than vestigial ocellus in 2A-Cu2 on the VHW, but the remaining VHW ocelli and other wing pattern characters are otherwise typical of this species as here defined. Distribution and natural history ( Figure 32 ). Occulta ocnus gen.n. and comb.n. is known to date from the central Amazon basin, with all recorded localities being in the vicinity of large rivers below 250 m . A list of specimens examined is provided in Table S3. The only two records from Ecuador are from the region of black-water rivers and lakes north of the Río Napo; at Zancudococha, a male was collected flying near to the ground at the edge of forest and small field, on a low ridge, at 13:00 hrs. Immature stages have not been described. A list of specimens examined is provided in Appendix B. Discussion. Occulta gen.n. is described as a monotypic genus for Euptychia ocnus based on molecular data presented here. As previously indicated by Espeland et al. (2019a) , Euptychia ocnus is distantly related to the type species of Magneuptychia , Papilio libye Linnaeus, 1767 . Although Papilio libye is a member of the clade to which Occulta gen.n. is weakly supported as belonging, expanding the concept of Magneuptychia to include Euptychia ocnus would be unreasonable, for a number of reasons. First, the support for its relationship with the clade containing Papilio libye is low. Second, and perhaps more importantly, such a broad generic classification would be inconsistent with current approaches to building a stable and informative generic classification for the Euptychiina , where monophyly, phenotype and ecological information are incorporated in deciding on the most appropriate taxonomy (e.g. Nakahara, Lamas, et al., 2019). This clade not only includes both widespread lowland taxa (e.g. Magneuptychia libye ) and rather narrowly distributed montane species (e.g. undescribed Splendeuptychia species ), but also some of the most colourful euptychiine species in the genus Caeruleuptychia . Given that generic names should ideally be informative for the recognition of clades by including species with similar phenotypes, in addition to having potential value in predicting unknown biological traits, we refute the idea of a broad generic classification to include all these taxa contained within the clade containing E . ocnus , and instead establish a monotypic genus for this species. Occulta ocnus BRAZIL : Amazonas : Carauari, RESEX Médio Juruá, [5°8'57"S,67°18'45"W], (Oliveira, F.), 1 Dec 2018 , 1 ♁, 2 ♀ [MN-LEP 0004444, 0004446, 0004453], 2 Dec 2018 , 1 ♁, 4 ♀ [ MN-LEP 0004448 to 0004452]; Ega, [3°22'S,64°42'W], (Bates, H. W.), 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1421814], ( NHMUK ); Igarapé Massauari, [2°54'17''S,57°8'23''W], 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1421845], ( NHMUK ); São Paulo de Olivença , [3°28'S,68°57'W], (Mathan, M. de), 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1497827], ( NHMUK ), Mar 1883 , 1 ♀ [ BMNH ( E )-1497829], ( NHMUK ); Villa Nova, (Bates, H. W.), 1 ♀ [ BMNH ( E )-1497830], ( NHMUK ); Pará : [Rio] Tapájos, [4°16'8''S,55°59'10''W], 25 m , 25 Oct 2012 , 1 ♁, ( ZUEC ). COLOMBIA : Amazonas : Leticia, [4°12'S,69°56'W], 82 m , (Marín, M. A.), 11 Oct 2012 , 1 ♁, ( ZUEC ), 18 Oct 2012 , 1 ♁, ( ZUEC ), 28 Sep 2012 , 1 ♁, ( ZUEC ). ECUADOR : Orellana : Río Aguarico, Zancudococha, [0°34'23''S,75°26'13''W], 240 m , (Willmott, K. R., J. C. R., J. I. R., Aldaz, R.), 3,5- 8 Jul 2017 , 1 ♁ [ FLMNH-MGCL-288721], ( FLMNH ); Sucumbíos : Cuyabeno Lodge, across lagoon, [0°0'18''S,76°10'23''W], 224 m , (Turner, J. D.), 6 Dec 2010 , 1 ♁ [ FLMNH-MGCL-150971], ( FLMNH ), 7 Dec 2010 , 1 ♁ [ FLMNH-MGCL-150970], ( FLMNH ); Cuyabeno Lodge, salt trail, [0°0'4''S,76°10'50''W], 238 m , (Turner, J. D.), 8 Dec 2010 , 1 ♁ [ FLMNH-MGCL-150972], ( FLMNH ). PERU : Loreto : ‘Cavallo Cocha’ [= Caballococha], [3°55'S,70°31'W], 90 m , (Mathan, M. de), May-Jul 1884, 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1421876], 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1497832], 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1497833], 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1497835], 1 ♀ [ BMNH ( E )-1497834], ( NHMUK ); 55 km NE Iquitos, Explorama [Lodge], [3°27'S,72°51'W], 120 m , (Harvey, D. J.), 24 Sep 1995 , 1 ♁ [ MUSM-LEP-103309], ( MUSM ), (Lamas, G.), 24 Sep 1995 , 1 ♁ [ MUSM-LEP-103306], 1 ♁ [ MUSM-LEP-103308], 1 ♀ [ MUSM-LEP-103311], ( MUSM ), (Robbins, R. K.), 24 Sep 1995 , 1 ♁ [ MUSM-LEP-103310], ( MUSM ); 55 km NE Iquitos, Explorama [Lodge], [3°27'S,72°51'W], 140 m , (Harvey, D. J.), 23 Sep 1995 , 1 ♀ [ MUSM-LEP-103312], ( MUSM ); Boca Río Samíria, 130 m , (Lamas, G.), 14 May 1990 , 1 ♁ [ MUSM-LEP-103307], ( MUSM ); ' Explorama 50 mi NE of Iquitos' [=Explorama Lodge 55 km NE Iquitos], [3°27'S,72°51'W], (Brown, H.& B.), 30 Nov 1982 , 1 ♁ [ FLMNH-MGCL-296549], ( FLMNH ); Iquitos, [3°45'S,73°15' W], 100 m , (Whitely, H.), 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1497836], 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1497837], 1 ♀ [ BMNH ( E )-1497828], ( NHMUK ); nr. Iquitos, Explornapo Camp, [3°15'S,72°55'W], 120 m , (Brown, H.& B.), 9 Feb 1982 , 1 ♁ [ FLMNH-MGCL-296551], ( FLMNH ); Sarayacu, [6°43'S,75°8'W], 160 m , (Garlepp, G.), 1885, 1 ♀ , ( MNHU ). SURINAME : Not located : ‘Surinam’, 1 ♁ [ BMNH ( E )-1421815], ( NHMUK ), 1 ♀ [ BMNH ( E )-1497831], ( NHMUK ). Country unknown : Not located : no data, 20-22 Jun 2000 , 1 ♁ ['RTPRS'], ( ZUEC )