A taxonomic revision of the ground spiders of the genus Apopyllus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) Author Azevedo, Guilherme H. F. Author Ott, Ricardo Author Griswold, Charles E. Author Santos, Adalberto J. text Zootaxa 2016 4178 3 301 327 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.1 7e73aacb-9d7d-4eb6-a151-af4fb9935077 1175-5326 261073 2EE90745-EEA2-4ECA-A82B-EFC246495682 Apopyllus centralis new species Figs 3 F, 4F, 5F, 6F, 7F, 8F, 10G, 11G, 12G, 13G, 14D, 16D Herpyllus suavis: Simon, 1893 : 455 , fig. 25. Only the female paralectotype from Colonia Tovar, Aragua , Venezuela ( 10º24’19”N , 67º17’22”W ), deposited in MNHN (examined). Misidentification. Type material. Male holotype from Usina de Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão , Catalão , Goiás , Brazil ( 17º30’9”S 47º33’32”W , 754m ), I.2010 , R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll., deposited in UFMG 4395 . Paratypes : one female from Usina de Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão , Catalão , Goiás , Brazil (17º44”36.93”S 47º35’19.56” W , 933m ), VII.2010 , R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. ( UFMG 4564 ) ; one female from Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões , Cristino Castro , Piauí , Brazil ( 8º56’16.9”S 43º51’48.1”W ), 9.XII.2012 , L.S. Carvalho coll. (CHNUFPI 609); one male and one female from Pimenta Bueno, Rondônia , Brazil ( 11º38’60”S 61º12’0”W ), VII.2000 , M. Carvalho col. ( IBSP 137001 ) ; two males and one female from Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso , Serra do Cachimbo , Novo Progresso , Pará , Brazil ( 9º21’45.33”S 54º54’54.4”W ), 7– 17.IX.2003 ( MPEG 22022 ) . Etymology. The specific name is a reference to the distribution of the species in central Brazil . Diagnosis. Males can be distinguished by the presence of a dorsal process in the RTA ( Figs 5 F, 6F [arrow], 7F, 8F). Females can be distinguished by the anterior ridge of the epigynum less sclerotized in the middle, conferring an incomplete appearance ( Figs 10 G, 11G). Description. Male ( holotype ): Total length 4.44. Carapace 1.84 long, 1.56 wide. Femur II 1.2 long. Carapace brown. Legs and palps brown. Coxae white on the terminal part in dorsal view. Femur I and palp with a lighter area on the prolateral part. Sternum and labium light brown. Endites light brown with white anterior border. Opisthosoma dorsum dark gray with a brown scutum. Ventral side of opisthosoma light brown. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.1, PLE 0.1, AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.02, ALE–PLE 0.02, PME–PME 0.02, PME–PLE 0.05. MOQ 0.38 wide. RTA with dorsal process. Leg spination: femora: I, II d1-1-1, p0-0-1; III d1-1-1, r0-1-1, p0-1-1; patellae: III, IV p0-1-0, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v1 r-2-0, II v1 r-2-1p, III, IV d1-1-0, v1 p-2-2; metatarsi: I, II v2 -0-0, III p0-1-1-0, v2-2 -2, r1-1-1; IV p0-1-1, v2-2 -2, r1-0-1. Female (paratype, UFMG 4564): Total length 4.88. Carapace 2.16 long, 1.6 wide. Femur II 1.36 long. Coloration as in male, except for opisthosoma that is black with a white pattern as in Fig. 16 D. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.08, PME 0.06, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.02, ALE–PLE 0.02, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.06. MOQ 0.38 wide. Epigynum with incomplete anterior ridge and secondary spermathecae smaller than primary spermathecae. Leg spination: femora: I, II d1-1-1, p0-0-1; III d1-1-1, r0-1- 1, p0-1-1; patellae: III, IV p0-1-0, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v0-0-1; II v1 -0-1; III p1-1-1, v1 p-2-2, r1-1-0; IV d1-1-1, p1-1- 0, v1 p-2-2, r1-1-0; metatarsi: I v2 -0-0; II v2-1 r-0; III p1-2-1, v2-2 -2, r1d-1d-2; IV d0-1-1, p1d-1-1, v2-2 -2, r1-1- 1. Variation. Male (N = 45) carapace length 1.51–2.01. Female (N = 20), carapace length, 1.71–2.16. The opisthosoma can be more uniformly dark brow to black. Material examined. BRAZIL : Amapá : Macapá , 110m , 2♀ , 24–28.XII.2004 , R. A. Silva coll. ( MCTP 16590 ), Mazagão , 1Ƌ, 03.XII.2003 , R. A. Silva coll. ( MCTP 16537 ) ; Goiás : Alto Paraíso de Goiás , 14º9'43"S , 47º36'36"W , 1Ƌ, VIII.1991 , S.T. Amaranto ( IBSP 98752 ), Catalão , Barragem para Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão , 17º35'34"S , 47º37'16"W , 835m , 1♀, I.2010, 17 º51'40"S, 47º37'38"W, 762m , 1Ƌ 1♀, I.2010, 17 º44'36.93"S, 47º35'19.56"W, 933m , 21♀, VII.2010, 17 º36'23.9"S, 47º37'18.52"W, 835m , 1Ƌ, VII.2010, 17 º52'24.62"S, 47º37'33.3"W, 762m , 2Ƌ 2♀, VII.2010 , R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. (UFMG 4394, 4406, 4564, 4552, 4567); Maranhão : Caxias , Reserva Ecológica Inhamum , 4º49'60"S , 43º20'69"W , 1Ƌ, 23–26.IV.2007 , J.F.B. Lima-Lobato et al. coll. ( IBSP 130925 ), 1Ƌ, IX–X.2007 , J.F.B. Lima-Lobato & F. Limeira de Oliveira coll. ( IBSP 129026 ) ; Mato Grosso : Nossa Senhora do Livramento , Pantanal do Poconé - Pirizal , Fazenda Retiro Novo , 16º15'S , 56º36'W , 1♀ 1Ƌ, I.2004 – III.2005 , L.D. Battirola coll. (IBSP 125469), Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Pantanal do Poconé - Pirizal, Fazenda Retiro Novo, 16º22'1"S, 56º17'58"W, 125m , 2♀, F.S.F. Leite coll. (UFMG 8781); Santo Antonio do Levergere , 1Ƌ, 09.X.1981 , H. Duarte coll. ( MCTP 2522 ) ; Mato Grosso do Sul : Brasilândia , Horto Rio Verde , 20º50'0"S , 51º40'0"W , 1Ƌ 1 juvenile , 14.VIII.2007 , M. Uehara- Prado coll. ( UFMG 12496 ), Selvíria , Horto Matão , 20º20'0"S , 51º40'0"W , 1Ƌ, 19.VIII.2007 , M. Uehara-Prado coll. ( UFMG 12495 ) ; Minas Gerais : Belo Horizonte , Campus da UFMG , 19º51'53"S , 48º57'58"W , 835m , 1Ƌ, 3.VIII.2012 , P.H. Martins et al. coll. (UFMG 11940), Leme do Prado, Reserva Estadual de Acauã, 17º7'94.2"S, 42º43'98.1", 887m , 1♀ , 18–28.II.2013 , P.H. Martins coll. ( UFMG 19407 ); Pará : Novo Progresso , Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso , Serra do Cachimbo , 9º21'45.3"S , 54º54'54.4"W , 1♀, 1Ƌ, 16–26.III.2004 (MPEG 22028, 22029), 11Ƌ 7♀ 1 juvenile, 7–17.IX.2003 (MPEG 22007–22024), Igarapé-açu, 3♀, 7Ƌ, 09.XII.2002 , Eq. FEIGA-UFRA coll. (MPEG 21825–21833), 1♀, 1Ƌ, 14.IX.2011 , S. Ribeiro coll. (MPEG 21839), 1♀, 19.V.2011 , S. Ribeiro coll. (MPEG 21836), São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra das Andorinhas, 1♀, 27.X– 07.XI.2011 , A. B. Bonaldo et al. coll. (MPEG 21838); Piauí : Alvorada do Gurguéia , Fazenda Escola da UFPI , 8º22'28.6"S , 43º51'32.5"W , 1♀ , 15–17.II.2012 , L.S. Carvalho coll. (CHNUFPI 608), ditto, Caatinga , 8º22'28.6"S , 43º51'32.5"W , 230m , 3♀, 15–17.II.2012 , I. L. F. Magalhães et al. coll. (IBSP 165373), Cristino FIGURE 10. Apopyllus spp., epigynum, ventral view, drawings. Vulva can be seen by transparency. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (MNRJ58361). C A. malleco (AMNH). D A. huanuco (AMNH). E A. now (MCZ 24971). F A. gandarela new. sp. (UFMG 16876). G A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4564). H A. atlanticus new sp. (MCTP 27338). FIGURE 11. Apopyllus spp., epigynum, ventral view, photographs. Vulva can be seen by transparency. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (MNRJ58361). C A. malleco (AMNH). D A. huanuco (AMNH). E A. now (MCZ 24971). F A. gandarela new. sp. (UFMG 16876). G A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4564). H A. atlanticus new sp. (MCTP 27338). FIGURE 12. Apopyllus spp., vulva, dorsal view, drawings. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (MNRJ58361). C A. malleco (AMNH). D A. huanuco (AMNH). E A. now (MCZ 24971). F A. gandarela new. sp. (UFMG 16876). G A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4564). H A. atlanticus new sp. (MCTP 27338). FIGURE 13. Apopyllus spp., vulva, dorsal view, photographs. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (MNRJ58361). C A. malleco (AMNH). D A. huanuco (AMNH). E A. now (MCZ 24971). F A. gandarela new. sp. (UFMG 16876). G A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4564). H A. atlanticus new sp. (MCTP 27338). Castro , Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões , 8º56'16.9"S , 43º51'48.1"W , 1♀ , 9.XII.2012 , L.S. Carvalho coll. (CHNUFPI 609), Castelo do Piauí , ECB Rochas Ornamentais , 5º13'46''S , 41o41'29.9''W , 1Ƌ, 03.XII.2005 , F. M. Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 7901 ) , 1♀ , 11.XI.2005 , F. M. Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 7903 ), 1Ƌ, 19.X.2005 , F. M. Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 7902 ), 1Ƌ, 26.X.2005 , F. M. Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 7900 ), ECB Rochas Ornamentais , Fazenda Bonito , 5º14'7''S , 41 º 41'16.3''W , 1Ƌ, no date, F. M. Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 21868 ), Piracuruca, Parque Nacional Sete Cidades, 4º05'39.9''S , 41º43'53.3''W , 1Ƌ, 06.XII.2006 , L. S. Carvalho , D. Candiani & N. F. Lo Man Hung coll. ( MPEG 21871 ), 1Ƌ, 13.IX.2006 , L. S. Carvalho & F. M de Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 9708 ), 1Ƌ, 21. VI.2007 , F. M. Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 21877 ), 6Ƌ 5♀ , 24. VI.2007 , Carvalho , Albuquerque & Oliveira-Neto coll. ( MPEG 21878–21884 ), 3Ƌ , 3♀, 26.I.2007 , L. S. Carvalho, M. T. Avelino & M. P. Albuquerque coll. (MPEG 21872–21876), 1Ƌ, 3♀, no date, no col. (MPEG 21870, 21886); Rondônia : Pimenta Bueno , 11º38'60"S , 61º12'0"W , 8Ƌ 4♀ , VII.2000 , M. Carvalho coll. ( IBSP 137001, 137007 , 137010, 137011) ; São Paulo : Botucatu , Usina São Manoel , 1Ƌ, 01.XII.1998 , Mendes coll. ( MZUSP 62766 ), Itirapina , Estação Ecológica de Itirapina , 22º16'49"S , 48º7'10"W , 1♀, 2001, C. Bertim coll. (IBSP 126311). Distribution. Central Brazil , mainly in Cerrado biome, with some occurrences in Caatinga ( Fig. 14 D). Remarks. Simon (1893) described A. suavis based on two specimens. One of the specimens, designated here as a paralectotype , has an incomplete anterior ridge of the epigynum and is not considered conspecific with the lectotype (see A. suavis above). This paralectotype therefore, belongs to the new species A. centralis , as described here.