Five new species of Western Atlantic stardrums, Stellifer (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with a key to Atlantic Stellifer species Author Chao, Ning Labbish 0000-0002-0474-8740 National Museum of Marine Biology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Bio-Amazonia Conservation International, Brookline, MA, USA. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0474 - 8740 Author Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo 0000-0002-2903-7355 Fish Bizz Ltda, R. D. Maria Garcez, n. 39, 05424 - 070, Pinheiros, São Paulo, Brazil. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2903 - 7355 Author Santos, Jonas De Andrade Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecolo- text Zootaxa 2021 2021-06-25 4991 3 434 466 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.3.2 1175-5326 5042387 2DE8BCED-7F34-4A5D-9F2D-16F442D8273A Stellifer menezesi new species ( Figure 16 ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FAC15843-74C0-49A5-B4CC-A29D6DD4EBB0 Holotype : MZUSP 123409, 102 mm SL, Ponta Grande Beach , Porto Seguro , Bahia , Brazil , collected by Moraes, L.E. and Costa , V .F., 10 May 2016 . FIGURE 16. Stellifer menezesi new species Holotype MZUSP 123409, 102 mm SL, Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil. Scale: 10 mm. FIGURE 17. Otoliths of Stellifer menezesi new species . Medial surface of sagitta (left), lapillus (middle) and asteriscus (right). MZFS 18128, 82 mm SL (female). Scale: 1 mm. FIGURE 18. Detail of nostrils shape for: A- Stellifer menezesi new species ; B- Stellifer gomezi . Scale: 10 mm. Paratypes : AZUSC 5950 , 56 mm SL, Maracaípe , Pernambuco , Brazil , 8°31'31"S , 34°59'37"W , trawl, 11 m , collected by Flores, F.G. , 26 November 2011 . AZUSC 5963 , 4 ( 72–101 mm SL), Ponta Grande , Porto Seguro , Bahia , Brazil , 16°22'40"S , 39°00'56"W , trawl, 12 m , collected by Moraes, L.E. and Costa , V .F., 29 August 2016 . AZUSC 6060 , 5 ( 98–129 mm SL), Barra Nova , Maceió , Alagoas , Brazil , 9°43'58"S , 35°47'11"W , trawl, 15 m , collected by Gardeni, M. R ., 29 October 2016 . AZUSC 6087 , 2 ( 136–153 mm SL), Barra do Una , Peruíbe , São Paulo , Brazil , 24°29'18"S , 47°05'49"W , trawl, 20., collected by Souza , T . R ., 15 December 2016 . MZUSP 123405 , 63.0 mm SL, and MZUSP 123406 , 6 ( 63.8–81.2 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha – Ilha de Itaparica ( Baía de Todos os Santos – Bahia ), collected by Lopes, P. R .D, Oliveira-Silva , J . T ., 3 March 2010 . MZUSP 123407 , 39.5 mm SL, Praia do Malhado , Ilhéus , Bahia , Brazil , local fishermen, October 2008 . MZUSP 123408 , 2 ( 54.6–67.1 mm SL), Praia de Berlinque , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , collected by Lopes, P. R .D, Oliveira-Silva , J . T . and Moraes , L.E., 27 June 2002 . MZFS 17125, 108 mm SL, Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , collected by Santos, J.A. , Moura, P.E.S. and Bucheni, F. , 14 December 2016 . MZFS 18131 , 84.9 mm SL, collected with the holotype . MZFS 16961 , 6 ( 70.5–90.4 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha – Ilha de Itaparica ( Baía de Todos os Santos – Bahia ), collected by Lopes, P. R .D, Oliveira-Silva , J . T ., 3 March 2010 . UFPB 3228 , 2 ( 40.9–87.7 mm SL), Lucena , Paraíba . NMMBA 27623 , 3 ( 59.4–78.9 mm SL) Praia do Malhado , Ilhéus , Bahia , Brazil , local fishermen, November 2013 . MNRJ 50825 , 2 ( 61.2–69.5 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , collected by Santos, J.A. and M. Carvalho-Junior , 28 October 2015 . MNRJ 50824 , 4 ( 75–78.8 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , 11 September 2010 . MNRJ 50823 , 8 (35.0– 45.2 mm SL), Praia de Berlinque , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , collected by P . R .D. Lopes , J . T . Oliveira-Silva and L.E. Moraes , 27 June 2002 . MZFS 17734 , 3 ( 62.9–70.7 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , 3 October 2010 . MZFS 18169 , 2 ( 85.7–91.5 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , December 2009 . MZFS 2100 , 78.8 mm SL, Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , collected by Lopes, P. R .D, Silva , J . T .O. and Silva , I.S., 21 June 1997 . MZFS 17650 , 4 ( 64.6–73.5 mm SL) collected with the holotype . MZFS 9998 , 2 ( 51.1–55.6 mm SL), Ilhéus , Bahia , Brazil , November 2003 . ZUEC 147672 , 5 ( 59.1–82.1 mm SL), Praia de Ponta da Ilha – Ilha de Itaparica ( Baía de Todos os Santos – Bahia ), collected by Lopes, P. R .D, Oliveira-Silva , J . T . 3 March 2010 . ZUEC 147671 , 56.8 mm SL, Praia de Ponta da Ilha , Ilha de Itaparica , Bahia , Brazil , collected by J.A. Santos et al., 26 December 2015 . ZUEC 147673 , 88.0 mm SL, Caravelas , Bahia , Brazil , collected by CEPENE team, 06 January 2015 . Diagnosis. Stellifer menezesi can be distinguished from other Atlantic species of the genus with a terminal or oblique mouth by the inferior mouth and elongated body. The absence of diverticula on the posterior margin of anterior gas bladder chamber distinguishes it from S. microps , S. naso and S. venezuelae ( Fig. 1A , right). Stellifer punctatissimus has a strongly arched back, body depth much greater than HL and black pectoral and pelvic fins ( Fig. 7 ). S. gomezi has a body depth equal to or shorter than HL and a protruding snout greater than the eye diameter ( Fig. 21 ), while in S. menezesi the body depth is slightly greater than HL ( Fig. 16 ) and the snout length is shorter than the eye diameter; also, in S. menezesi the anterior nostril is slightly oval and forward directed, and the posterior nostril is bean-shaped forming an angle between them, which differs from S. gomezi that has rounded nostrils and almost of the same height ( Fig. 18 ). Description. Dorsal-fin rays X+I, 23–24; anal-fin rays II, 7 (6–8); pectoral-fin rays 17–18; gill rakers 6–8 + 11–13 = 17–21; preopercular spines 8–10; pored lateral-line scales 48–51; 4–5 transverse scale rows from lateral line to dorsal fin origin and 6–8 rows to anal fin origin. Anterior chamber of gas bladder smooth without appendages ( Fig. 1A , left); posterior tip of posterior chamber terminating anterior to base of first anal spine. Drumming muscles in males only ( Fig. 1B , hatched area). Sagitta ( Fig. 17 ) thick with notch anterodorsally; sulcus with small ovoid ostium, deeply grooved L-shaped cauda, and shallow groove along dorsal margin; outer surface with crest-like elevations. Lapillus ovoid, with thin anterior flange; inner surface smoothly convex, outer surface roughly concave. Asteriscus triangular, thin, with lanceolate groove near ventral margin of inner surface. Preopercular spines short, sharp, usually 10, more prominent at the angle; upper spines progressively shorter and weaker, the uppermost appearing as flat points, lower margin of preopercle weakly serrated. Head conical, interorbital region slightly convex, not cavernous in appearance. Snout conical, 4.0– 4.4 in HL, projecting beyond upper lip, its tip with three upper and five marginal pores. Eye moderate to large, 3.3–4.3 in HL, orbit rounded, its diameter equal to interorbital width, 3.1–4.4 ( 3.8 in HL), and snout length. Mouth inferior, moderately large, upper jaw 3.0–4.0 in HL; jaws subequal with nearly horizontal gap. Anterior tip of upper lip, horizontally, passing below ventral margin of orbit. Posterior maxilla ends below anterior half of eye. Underside of lower jaw with six sensory pores, medial pair set in common pit, often difficult to observe with naked eye ( Fig. 6C ). Teeth thin and short on both jaws set in villiform bands, longest not exceeding one third of pupil diameter. Tooth band on upper jaw slightly broader than lower jaw. No teeth on mandibular symphysis area. Gill rakers moderately short and slender, longest at corner shorter than filament at angle of arch, less than one third of eye diameter. Nostrils below middle of eye, anterior slightly oval and forward directed, horizontally aligned with the larger oblong, bean-shaped posterior nostril, distance between them about the same as height of posterior nostril; angle of about 60° between them ( Fig. 18A ). Anal fin truncate, second spine long and strong, 1.5–1.8 in HL, slightly shorter than first ray. Caudal fin rhomboidal, much shorter than HL. Tip of pectoral fin vertically short or equal to pelvic-fin tip when depressed. Pelvic fin filamentous prolongation very short. Scales moderately large, strongly ctenoid on body and head; small cycloid scales on preorbital, infraorbital, and embedded under skin of lachrymal bones; tip of snout not scaled. Spinous dorsal with four or five rows of reduced cycloid scales along base, basal sheath not well-defined. Inter-spine membrane naked, soft dorsal and anal fins uniformly covered by small cycloid scales on membrane behind each soft ray, extending distally to at least half fin height. Pectoral fin base with small cycloid scales. Pelvic fin base with four or five rows of ctenoid scales, moderate in size. Caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins finely scaled. Lateral line pored scales ctenoid, indented in middle of posterior margin, and much smaller than scales of adjacent rows. Lateral line canal system arborescent. Coloration. Fresh specimens have silvery gray to brownish body with dusky pectoral fin; pelvic, anal, and lower part of caudal fins darker. Some concentration of chromatophores on snout, around orbit and at pectoral fin base. Margin of upper lip and lower jaw with slightly conspicuous dark band, few chromatophores scattered posteriorly. Tongue and inside of mouth pale. Inside of opercle black dorsally around the pseudobranchiae, variably dusky elsewhere. Skin covering cleithrum heavily dusted with large chromatophores. Spinous dorsal fin covered with large chromatophores, concentrated distally, apex of fin slightly dark. Soft dorsal similarly but less densely dusted. Pectoral fins densely covered with chromatophores, pale distally, and with oval dusky patch extending from axilae dorsally to upper end of gill cover. Pelvic fins pale at base, densely punctuated distally. Caudal fin evenly dusted with small chromatophores, lower half often darker. Peritoneum membrane silvery. Preserved specimens pale brown overall, fin-rays blackish, fin-spines pale. Distribution. From Paraíba to São Paulo on the Brazilian coast, uncommon south of Bahia . Ecological Notes. This species is rather common in inshore waters, from the surf zone to estuaries along the northeastern Brazilian coast. It is found near beaches with accumulations of detached macrophytes, mostly between September and February, feeding on amphipods and other crustaceans. Females mature at about 70 mm SL. Etymology. In honor of Dr. Naércio A. Menezes, Professor Emeritus, Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo , for his contributions to neotropical ichthyology and his mentorship of numerous students.