Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Lasiodora C. L. Koch, 1850 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) with notes on related genera Author Bertani, Rogério text Zootaxa 2023 2023-12-27 5390 1 1 116 https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5390.1.1/52544 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5390.1.1 1175-5334 10434516 7C213C54-9AED-45E6-AC69-9E9DF97019A3 Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 ( Figs 14 , 16 ─18, 75─124) Lasiodora benedenii Bertkau, 1880: 34 , pl. 1, f. 10; Petrunkevitch 1911: 76 ; Bertani 2001: 285 . Lasiodora benedeni : Simon, 1892a: 161 ; World Spider Catalog 2023 . Pamphobeteus benedeni : Mello-Leitão 1921: 350 ; Bücherl 1947: 264 ; Lucas et al. 1993: 245 . Pamphobeteus benedenii : Mello-Leitão 1923: 226 , 229; Petrunkevitch 1939: 242 ; Roewer 1942: 252 . Lasiodora differens Chamberlin, 1917: 56 , pl. 4, f. 4─5; Mello-Leitão 1921: 339 , 347; 1923: 245, 261; Petrunkevitch 1939: 238 ; Roewer 1942: 250 ; Bonnet 1957: 2355 ; Bücherl 1957: 401 , f. 77─77a. World Spider Catalog 2023 . New synonymy. Lasiodora curtior Chamberlin, 1917: 58 , pl. 4, f. 6─7; Mello-Leitão, 1921: 338 , 346; 1923: 246, 269; Vellard, 1924: 145 , pl. 9, f. 36; Petrunkevitch, 1939: 238 ; Roewer, 1942: 250 ; Bonnet, 1957: 2355 ; Bücherl, 1957: 400 , f. 76─76a. New synonymy. Lasiodora mariannae Mello-Leitão, 1921: 338 , 341; 1923: 244, 249, f. 93, 103, 164; Petrunkevitch, 1939: 240 ; Roewer, 1942: 251 . New synonymy . Lasiodora mariannica : Bonnet, 1957: 2356 (unjustified emendation). Lasiodora difficilis Mello-Leitão, 1921: 338 , 345; 1923: 245, 257, f. 91, 161; Petrunkevitch 1939: 238 ; Roewer 1942: 250 ; Bonnet 1957: 2355 ; Bücherl 1957: 401 , f. 78-78a. New synonymy . Lasiodora erythrocythara Mello-Leitão, 1921: 338 , 347; Bücherl 1957: 402 , f. 80; Silva-Moreira et al. 2010: 69 . New synonymy . Lasiodora erythrocithara : Mello-Leitão 1923: 245 , 260, f. 106, 170; Petrunkevitch 1939: 239 ; Roewer 1942: 250 ; Bonnet 1957: 2356 . Acanthoscurria cristata Mello-Leitão, 1923: 297 ; Petrunkevitch 1939: 233 ; Roewer 1942: 246 ; Bonnet 1955: 136 . New synonymy . Pamphobeteus cristatus : Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin 1964: 393 , pl. III, f. 22. Vitalius cristatus : Baumgarten 1998: 1 , f. 1─3 (misidentified per Bertani 2001: 285 ); Schmidt 1998: 16 . Lasiodora cristata : Bertani 2001: 285 . Diagnosis. Lasiodora benedeni males and females resemble those of L. parahybana , L. franciscana n. sp. , L. klugi (part) and L. sertaneja n. sp. (part) by having spiniform setae only on the upper distal area of the retrolateral maxilla ( Figs 87 ─88). Males can be distinguished from all the above species by the slender apical portion of the embolus ( Figs 76 ─78). Females can be distinguished from those of L. parahybana by having slender stridulatory plumose setae on prolateral coxae (Figs 90─91); from those of L. franciscana n. sp. and L. sertaneja n. sp. , they can be distinguished by spermathecae with narrow bulb (Fig. 81). From L. klugi , it differs by the relatively slender and short stridulatory setae spread over the area between the prolateral coxa I sutures (Figs 89─90). FIGURE 75. Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . Reproduction of the original Bertkau’s 1880 spermathecae figure. Type material. Holotype female of Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 , from Brazil , state of Minas Gerais , Chapeu d’Uvas [ 21°35’S , 43°30’W ], not found, presumed lost, see remarks below . Holotype female of Lasiodora differens Chamberlin, 1917 , from Brazil , state of Minas Gerais , Lagoa Santa [ 19°38’S , 43°54’W ], Nathaniel Thayer Exped. col., deposited at MCZ unique 21056, examined (Fig. 99). Holotype female and paratype immature male of Lasiodora curtior Chamberlin, 1917 , from Brazil , state of Rio de Janeiro , Vassouras [ 22°24’S , 43°39’W ], March , 1871, B. P. Mann col., deposited at MCZ 63 unique 20.980 and MCZ 64 , respectively, examined ( Fig. 98 ). Lectotype male ( Figs 100 ─105) and paralectotype female ( Figs 106 ─109), here designated, of Lasiodora mariannae Mello-Leitão, 1921 , from Brazil , state of Minas Gerais , Mariana [ 20°22’S , 43°24’W ], Dr. Godoy col., deposited at MZUSP 151 , examined); Lectotype female, here designated, of Lasiodora difficilis Mello-Leitão, 1921 , from Brazil , state of São Paulo , Araras [ 22°21’S , 47°22’W ], 1917, Cleophas col., deposited at MZUSP 139 , examined ( Figs 110 ─113). Holotype female of Lasiodora erythrocythara Mello-Leitão, 1921 , from Brazil , state of São Paulo , Mello-Leitão col., deposited at MNRJ 50 , examined ( Figs 114 ─117). Holotype female of Acanthoscurria cristata Mello-Leitão, 1923 , from Brazil , state of Ceará in the description, state of São Paulo in the label, deposited at MNRJ 14009 , examined ( Figs 118 ─120). FIGURES 76─81 . Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . (76–80) male (IBSP 4595). (76–78) left palp bulb. 76, retrolateral. 77, prolateral. 78, dorsal. (79─80) left tibial apophysis. 79, ventral. 80, prolateral. 81, female (IBSP 4574), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm. FIGURES 82 ─ 86. Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 , male (IBSP 4595), stridulatory apparatus. (82─83) left maxilla, retrolateral. 82, general view. 83, detail of spiniform setae on upper area. (84─86) left coxa I, prolateral. 84, general view. 85, detail of stridulatory setae. 86, detail of area below suture. Scale bar = 1mm. FIGURES 87 ─ 91. Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 , female (IBSP 4574), stridulatory apparatus. (87─88) left maxilla, retrolateral. 87, general view. 88, detail of spiniform setae on upper area. (89─91) left coxa I, prolateral. 89, general view. 90, detail of stridulatory setae. 91, detail of area below suture. Scale bar = 1mm. FIGURES 92─97. Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 , female from Brazil, state of Rio de Janeiro, Volta Redonda, prolateral right coxa I under SEM. 92, general view. 93, upper area above suture showing stridulatory setae. 94, same, detail of stridulatory setae. 95, upper area, confluence of sutures. 96, area below suture. 97, same, detail. Other material examined. BRAZIL : uncertain locality, Rodovia SP / MG , 1 male , J. M. Júnior , ref. 59982 ( IBSP 6397 ) ; 1 female , identified as Lasiodora differens Chamberlin by Mello-Leitão ( MNRJ 13576 ) ; 1 male , misidentified as Eupalaestrus spinosissimus Mello-Leitão by Bücherl ( MNRJ 13562 , Nº21) ; 1 female , O. A. T . Valencia , 4 April 2001 ( IBSP 8892 ) ; Minas Gerais : without additional data, 1 male ( IBSP 3221 ) ; 1 female , K. Lenko , 1 March 1958 ( IBSP 1928 ) ; Além Paraíba , Simplício [ 21°52’S , 42°41’W ] , 1 female , J. B. Fonseca , 1 April 1949 ( IBSP 1935 ) ; 1 immature male, J. B. Fonseca , 6 January 1948 ( IBSP 1159 ) ; 1 male , J. B. Fonseca , 19 March 1948 ( IBSP 1356 ) ; 1 female , J. B. Fonseca , 6 January 1948 ( IBSP 1160 ) ; Alto Caparaó [ 20°28’S , 41°52’W ] , 1 male , A. D. Brescovit et al. , 13─ 16 April 1998 ( IBSP 11347 ) ; 1 female , same collector and date ( IBSP 11339 ) ; Belmiro Braga , São José das Três Ilhas [ 22°1’S , 43°29’W ] , 1 male , G. C. Silva , 2 March 1949 ( IBSP 1895 ) ; 1 immature male, G. C. Silva , 26 April 1947 ( IBSP 294 ) ; 1 male , M. C. Silva , 27 February 1950 ( IBSP 2207 ) ; 1 male , G. C. Silva , 27 February 1950 ( IBSP 2208 ) ; 1 female , G. Ticunha , 9 September 1949 ( IBSP 1997 ) ; Bom Jesus do Galho [ 19°45’S , 42°16’W ] , 1 female , 1 immature male, A. L. Batista , 2 January 1978 , ref 22132 ( IBSP 4294 ) ; Caeté [ 19°53’S , 43°40’W ] , 1 male , 1 female , Vanzolini , Britski & Menezes , 11─ 18 February 1961 ( MZUSP 28585 ) ; 1 female , J. A. O. Levy , 19 September 1969 , Ref. 3499 ( IBSP 2676 ) ; Caiana [ 20°41’S , 41°55’W ] , 1 female , Eg. Carlos de Souza , 17 October 1952 ( IBSP 3062 ) ; Caratinga [ 19°47’S , 42°8’W ] , 1 male , Sem. São Pio X, 5 April 1976 , ref. 18131 ( IBSP 4197 ) ; Cataguases , Sereno [ 21°23’S , 42°42’W ] , 1 female , R . R . Reis , 17 November 1947 ( IBSP 1697 ) ; 1 female , abdomen missing, R . R . Reis , 28 August 1949 ( IBSP 2004 ) ; 1 immature , same collector, 17 November 1952 ( IBSP 3086 ) ; 1 male , R . Beloreus , 1 March 1951 ( IBSP 2477 ) ; Entre Folhas [ 19°38’S , 42°14’W ] , 1 male , R . S. Schwank , 9 January 2003 , ref. 0224 ( IBSP 11052 ) ; Inhapim [ 19°32’S , 42°6’W ] , 1 female , G. P. Oliveira , Ref. 72081 ( IBSP 6438 ) ; 1 female , same collector, Ref. 72081 ( IBSP 6437 ) ; 1 female ( IBSP Ref. 71869); Juiz de Fora [ 21°45’S , 43°20’W ] , 1 female , Ação Arquidiocesana, Ref. 43140; 1 immature male, same collector, April 1981 , Ref. 29824 ( IBSP 4633 A) ; 1 female , same collector, December 1983 , Ref. 44911; 1 immature male, same collector, 8 June 1983 , Ref. 44571 ( IBSP 4574 ) ; 1 male , Ação Social, April 1982 , ref. 41165, 1 female , G. H. Sureros , December 1980 , ref. 29077 ( IBSP 4595 ) ; 1 female , Ação Social, October 1980 , ref. 28782, 1 immature male, same collector, October 1983 , ref. 45361 ( IBSP 4574 ) ; 1 male , Ação Social, March 1982 , ref. 40986, 1 male , 1 immature male, E. Mourão , December 1980 , ref. 29911 ( IBSP 4599 ) ; 1 female , Ação Social Arquidiocesana , May 1979 , ref. 24958 ( IBSP4588 ) ; 1 female , Provessa , 16 October 1969 ( IBSP 3991 ) ; 2 females , Ação Social Arquidiocesana, 8 March 1979 , ref. 24395, 1 female , same collector, 15 January 1979 , ref. 24061, 1 female , same collector, 29 March 1979 , ref. 24574 ( IBSP4365 ) ; 1 female , A. S. Arquidiocesana , ref. 43004 ( IBSP 6369 ) ; 1 female , C. Lopes , 14 January 1982 , ref. 40618 ( IBSP 6363 ) ; 1 immature male, Bruno, S . Venenos , ref. 64572 ( IBSP 6409 ) ; 1 immature male, Ação Social Arquidiocesana, 20 June 1978 , ref. 23211; 1 female , same collector, 29 March 1979 , ref. 24574 ( IBSP 4365 B); Nova Lima [ 19°59’S , 43°50’W ] , 1 female , Condominio Ville de Montagne , C. A. A. Carvalho , 17 November 1999 ( IBSP 11193 ) ; Nova Lima, Mata do Jambreiro , 1 female , A. Damasceno , 15 April 1999 ( IBSP 11184 ) ; Ouro Preto [ 20°22’S , 43°30’W ] , 1 male , A. Bitencourt , 27 March 1951 ( IBSP 2525 ) ; Pedra do Sino [ 20°54’S , 43°49’W ] , 1 female , J. Paula ( IBSP 350 ) ; 1 male , J. Paula , 4 September 1948 ( IBSP 1401 ) ; 1 male , same collector, 20 May 1947 ( IBSP 351 ) ; 1 immature male ( IBSP 349 ) ; Ponte Nova [ 20°24’S , 42°53’W ] , 1 female ( IBSP ref. 54538); Santa Bárbara do Mato Dentro [ 19°57’S , 43°29’W ] , 1 female , F. M. Arcanjo , 11 March 1975 , ref. 15886 ( IBSP 4506 ) ; Santana do Deserto [ 21°56’S , 43°11’W ] , 1 male , J. P. Viana , 10 March 1983 , ref. 43518 ( IBSP 4773 ) ; Santana do Deserto , Sossego [ 21°53’S , 43°10’W ] , 1 female , without collection data ( IBSP 3207 ) ; 1 male , without collection data ( IBSP 3225 ) ; 1 female , without collection data ( IBSP 2230 ) ; 1 male ( IBSP 3190 ) ; 1 female , W. Fernandes , 12 March 1951 ( IBSP 2515 ) ; Serra do Cipó [ 19°8’S , 43°41’W ] , 1 male , without additional data ( IBSP6453 ) ; Timóteo , Parque Estadual do Rio Doce [ 19°38’S , 42°35’W ] , 1 male , A. Damasceno , 19 April 2000 ( IBSP 11191 ) ; Ubá [ 21°7’S , 42°56’W ] , 1 female ( IBSP Ref. 82490); Viçosa [ 20°45’S 42°52’W ] , 1 female , H. E. Belluomini , 3 March 1948 ( IBSP 1312 ) ; 1 female , H. Belluomini , 1 February 1957 ( IBSP 1296 ) ; 1 male , H. E. Belluomini , March 1948 ( IBSP 1470 ) ; 1 male , H. E. Belluomini , 2 April 1948 ( IBSP 1394 ) ; Rio de Janeiro : without additional information, 1 female , C. T . Souza , October 1980 , ref. 28811 ( IBSP 4572 ) ; Afonso Arinos [ 22°1’S , 43°20’W ] , 1 male , 2 immature males, 11 March 1970 , ref. 4547 ( IBSP 117 ) ; Barão de Juparanã [ 22°20’S , 43°41’W ] , 1 male , N. Ferraz , 15 February 1971 , ref. 6368 ( IBSP 2017 ) ; Barra do Piraí [ 22°28’S , 43°49’W ] , 1 male , J. M. Rossi , 7 April 1954 ( IBSP 3264 ) ; 1 female , P. S. T . Filho , ref. 80669 ( IBSP 6443 ) ; Barra do Piraí , C. Niemeyer Train Station [ 22°28’S , 43°49’W ] , 1 male , A. Viana , 25 April 1947 ( IBSP 291 ) ; 1 male , R . P. Cotrim , 8 March 1954 ( IBSP 3183 ) ; Barra Mansa [ 22°32’S , 44°10’W ] , 1 female , Moinho Barra Mansa , 10 December 1948 ( IBSP 1733 ) ; Bom Jesus do Itabapoana [ 21°8’S , 41°40’W ] , 1 female , R . L. C. Baptista , 1986 ( MNRJ 12936 T .18); Mendes [ 22°31’S , 43°43’W ] , 1 immature male, 29 December 1947 ( IBSP 1135 ) ; 1 female , 8 January 1946 ( IBSP 65 ) ; 1 female , M. Ribeiro ( IBSP 3374 ) ; 1 male , Irmãos Maristas , 7 march 1949 ( IBSP 1901 ) ; 1 female , Irmãos Maristas , 8 June 1951 ( IBSP 2654 ) ; 1 female , same collector, 19 April 1947 ( IBSP 308 ) ; Mendes , Linha C. [ 22°31’S , 43°43’W ] , 1 female , Irmãos Maristas , 2 January 1948 ( IBSP 1153 ) ; Mendes , Engenheiro Neri Ferreira Train Station [ 22°31’S , 43°43’W ] , 1 male , Irmãos Maristas , 5 April 1949 ( IBSP 1947 ) ; 1 female , same collector and date ( IBSP 1945 ) ; 1 female , same collector and date ( IBSP 1946 ) ; Miracema [ 21°25’S , 42°11’W ] , 1 male , L. Ayrosa , 18 February 2002 , ref. 88817 ( IBSP 9559 ) ; Nova Friburgo [ 22°17’S , 42°32’W ] , 1 female , P. Mix , November 1981 , ref. 40319 ( IBSP 4693 ) ; Nova Friburgo , Fazenda Rio Grande , margem esquerda do Rio Grande , 1 male , Pineschi , 12 April 2001 , in secondary forest ( IBSP 9999 ) ; Paracambi [ 22°36’S , 43°42’W ] , 1 female , ref. 53133; Paraiba do Sul [ 22°2’S , 43°23’W ] , 1 female , A. Ribeiro , 18 April 1947 ( IBSP 270 ) ; Paraíba do Sul , Engenheiro Carvalhais [ 22°2’S , 43°23’W ] , 1 female , A. J. Lauriggio , Ref. 56326 ( IBSP 6391 ) ; Pati do Alferes [ 22°25’S , 43°25’W ] , 1 female , W. Souto , 2 January 1985 , ref. 48080 ( IBSP 4840 ) ; Piraí [ 22°37’S , 43°54’W ] , 1 female , without additional data (Ref. 24774); 1 immature male, C. H. L., 12 April 1951 ( IBSP 2572 ) ; Resende , Serra de Itatiaia [ 22°27’S , 44°27’W ] , 1 female , M. Quadrado , 28 February 1994 , ref. 72968 ( IBSP 7962 ) ; Santo Antonio de Pádua , Paraoquena Train Station [ 21°29’S , 42°15’W ] , 1 female ( IBSP 3192 ) ; 1 male ( IBSP 3193 ) ; Teresópolis [ 22°25’S , 42°58’W ] , 1 male , A. V . Pinheiro , ref. 75858 ( IBSP 6440 ) ; Três Rios [ 22°6’S , 43°13’W ] , 1 male , E. V . Donato , February 1981 ( IBSP 4605 ) ; Três Rios , Piracema Train Station [ 22°6’S , 43°13’W ] , 1 male , A. C. Mayall , 4 April 1951 ( IBSP 2548 ) ; 1 female , A. C. Mayall , 4 March 1947 ( IBSP 53 ) ; 1 female , same collector, 27 May 1947 ( IBSP 353 ) ; 1 immature male, 1946 ( IBSP 538 ) ; 1 male , A. C. Mayall , 30 March 1951 ( IBSP 2536 ) ; 1 female , A. C. Mayall , 29 April 1947 ( IBSP 303 ) ; 1 female , A. C. Mayall , 18 March 1947 ( IBSP 176 ) ; 1 male , A. C. Mayall , 6 March 1952 ( IBSP 2834 ) ; Três Rios , Patronato [ 22°6’S , 43°13’W ] , 1 male , H. Sandim , October 1976 ( MNRJ 13717 ) ; Valença , João Honorio Train Station [ 22°14’S , 43°42’W ] , 1 male , 27 February 1947 ( IBSP 36 ) ; 1 male , 27 February 1947 ( IBSP 38 ) ; Vargem Alegre [ 22°30’S , 43°55’W ] , 1 male , J. V . Faria Jr. , March 1974 , ref. 13911 ( IBSP 4128 ) ; 1 female , 2 immature males, J. V . Faria , Jr , July 1976 , ref. 18998, 18943 ( IBSP 4206 ) ; 2 females , J. V . Faria Jr. , 11 July 1969 , ref. 3124 ( IBSP 3967 ) ; Vassouras [ 22°24’S , 43°39’W ] , 1 male , J. B. Alcantara, ref. 22521; 1 male , M. V . Ferraz , 7 November 1977 , Ref. 21830 ; 1 male , H. Simão , 18 March 1949 ( IBSP 1925 ) ; 1 male , H. Sivon , 23 March 1948 ( IBSP 1363 ) ; Visconde de Mauá [ 22°19’S , 44°31’W ] , 1 male , L. V . Domschke , ref. 24421 ( IBSP 4409 ) ; Volta Redonda [ 22°30’S , 44°5’W ] , 1 female , 1 immature male, C. T . Certo , 26 January 1979 , ref. 24130 ( IBSP 694 ) ; São Paulo : without additional data, 1 female , misidentified as Lasiodora spinipes Ausserer by Mello-Leitão ( MNRJ 1280 ) ; Aparecida [ 22°50’S , 45°13’W ] , 1 female , without collector and date ( IBSP ref. 83615); Araraquara , Campá [ 21°47’S , 48°10’W ] , 1 female , R . Rasktechet , 12 February 1948 ( IBSP 1235 ) ; Bom Jesus dos Perdões (sic Bom Jesus) [ 23°8’S , 46°28’W ], 1 female , A. A. Pinto , 23 March 1950 ( IBSP 2233 ) ; Botucatu [ 22°53’S 48°26’W ] , 1 male , ref. 29827 ( IBSP 4634 B); Caçapava [ 23°5’S , 45°42’W ] , 1 female , Ten. Almeida, October 1980 , ref. 28838, 1 female , J. C. Farinelli , April 1982 , ref. 41193 ( IBSP 4570 ) ; 1 male , F. Guimarães ( IBSP 960 ) ; 1 immature male, 13 March 1985 , ref. 48566 ( IBSP 2594 ) ; Caraguatatuba [ 23°37’S 45°25’W ] , 1 male , B. Leduc , ref. 67754 ( IBSP 6418 ) ; Cotia [ 23°36’S , 46°55’W ] , 1 male , ( IBSP ref. 75302); Cruzeiro [ 22°34’S , 44°58’W ] , 1 male , N. P. Moreira , 3 March 1986 , Ref. 50900 ( IBSP 4753 ) ; 1 male , 2 Cia. Policia , January 1983 , ref. 43196 ( IBSP 4753 ) ; Guararema [ 23°24’S , 46°2’W ] , 1 male , without collector, May 1988 , ref. 56333; 1 male , without collector, March 1984 , ref. 46290; 1 female , S. Sadoceo , October 1981 , ref. 30951 ( IBSP 4682 ) ; 1 female , M. Mendes , ref. 56424 ( IBSP 6390 ) ; 1 male , A. Gasparini , 10 March 1968 , ref. 590 ( IBSP 352 ) ; 1 female , Casa do Agricultor , 31 October 1972 , ref. 10401 ( IBSP 352 B) ; 1 female , Engevix , ref. 65088 ( IBSP 6417 ) ; 1 immature male, J. Tavares , ref. 70884 ( IBSP 6433 ) ; Guaratinguetá [ 22°48’S , 45°11’W ] , 2 females , R . V . Filho , 11 August 1950 ( IBSP 2297 A) ; 1 male , Esc. Esp. Aeronáutica , 28 April 1986 , ref. 51402 ( IBSP 4914 ) ; Guarulhos [ 23°27’S , 46°32’W ] , 1 female , D. C. Zoonoses , ref. 49936 ( IBSP 6372 ) ; Igarapava [ 20°2’S , 47°44’W ] , 1 male , G. B. Toledo , ref. 61893 ( IBSP 6400 ) ; Igaratá [ 23°12’S , 46°9’W ] , 1 female , A. C. dos Santos , 22 February 2001 , ref. 87209 ( IBSP 8736 ) ; Igaratá , Jaguari dam , 1 female , S. O. Mello , 13 October 1975 , ref. 17172 ( IBSP 4170 ) ; Jacareí [ 23°17’S , 45°57’W ] , 1 male , Avibrás Ind. Aerospacial S/A, ref. 64868 ( IBSP 6413 ) ; 1 male , J. Six , March 1982 , ref. 41063 ( IBSP 4170 B) ; 1 female , R . V . Ferreira , April 1984 , ref. 46128 ( IBSP 4821 A) (anomalous spermatheca) ; 1 female , M. L. Souza , June 1984 , ref. 46457 ( IBSP 4821 B) ; 1 male , Avibrás , ref. 65220 ( IBSP 6414 ) ; 1 female ( IBSP 59856 ) ; Jacareí , São Silvestre Train Station [ 23°17’S , 45°57’W ] , 1 male , 26 April 1947 ( IBSP 297 ) ; Jambeiro [ 23°15’S , 45°41W ] , 1 female , M. L. S. Júnior , ref. 68228 ( IBSP 6428 ) ; 1 male , C. M. Oliveira , ref. 69274 ( IBSP 6431 ) ; 1 male , M. L. S. Junior , 16 June 1986 , ref. 51988 ( IBSP 4919 ) ; Jundiaí [ 23°11’S , 46°53’W ] , 1 male , Vulcabrás S/A, May 1985 , ref. 48773 ( IBSP 4873 ) ; Matão , Toriba Train Station [ 21°36’S , 48°21’W ] , 1 male , Cia. Comp. Faz. Paulistas , 21 July 1950 ( IBSP 2291 ) ; Monte Azul Paulista (sic Monte Azul ) [ 20°54’S , 48°38’W ] , 1 female , E. Bock , 29 January 1980 , ref. 26716 ( IBSP 4508 ) ; Monteiro Lobato [ 22°57’S , 45°50’W ] , 1 male , A. C. França , 28 February 2001 , ref. 87225 ( IBSP 8869 ) ; 1 male , A. O. Neto , ref. 76448 ( IBSP 6441 ) ; Paraibuna [ 23°23’S , 45°39’W ] , 1 male , J. R . C. Stamato , ref. 54169 ( IBSP 6384 ) ; 1 female , I. F. Verbo , 3 December 1986 , ref. 53303 ( IBSP 4754 B) ; 1 female , 1 immature male, J. B. Vilhena , 15 July 1971 , ref. 7547, 30131 ( IBSP 2225 ) ; 1 male , P. Calazans, March 1985 , ref. 48579, 1 male 2 females , January 1983 ( IBSP 4754 ) ; 1 male , P. Calazans , ref. 539958 ( IBSP 6381 ) ; 1 male , J. R . C. Stamato , ref. 67807 ( IBSP 6425 ) ; 1 male ( IBSP ref. 68167) ; 1 female ( IBSP ref. 63439) , 1 male ( IBSP ref. 70781) ; 1 male , CESP , ref. 67751 ( IBSP 6427 ) ; Pindamonhangaba [ 22°55’S , 45°27’W ] , 1 female , 26 December 1947 ( IBSP 1113 ) ; 1 female , D. A. Botelho , ref. 53068 ( IBSP 6379 ) ; 1 female , E. Rouland , 13 May 1974 , ref. 14465 ( IBSP 2732 ) ; Presidente Venceslau [ 21°52’S 51°50’W ] , 1 male , 18 November 1948 ( IBSP 1244 ) ; Queluz [ 22°31’S 44°46’W ] , 1 male , 1 female , S. S. Vianna , 27 February 1947 , ref. 22492 ( IBSP 34 ) ; Registro [ 24°30’S , 47°50’W ] , 1 female , F. Ishida , 14 July 1994 , ref. 73976 ( IBSP 8262 ) ; Santa Branca [ 23°23’S , 45°53’W ] , 1 male , E. R . Perillo , 19 March 2002 , ref. 88962 ( IBSP 9605 ) ; 1 male , same collector, 26 February 2002 , ref. 88871 ( IBSP 9567 ) ; São José do Barreiro [ 22°38’S , 44°34’W ] , 1 male , O. U. Filho , ref. 64751 ( IBSP 6411 ) ; São José dos Campos [ 23°13’S , 45°54’W ] , 1 male , Pref. Municipal , ref. 80519 ( IBSP 6446 ) ; 1 male , Amplimatic S. A., 25 June 1985 , ref. 49450 ; 1 immature male, same colector, 27 September 1985 ( IBSP 4878 ) ; 1 male , D. Saude CTA, ref. 80528 ( IBSP 6445 ) ; 1 female , Bonadio S/A, 17 July 1973 ( IBSP 2800 ) ; 1 male , ( IBSP ref. 84328); km 5 Rod. S. José / Ubatuba , 1 male , S. Cosmi , 6 March 1978 , ref. 22479 ( IBSP 4312 ) ; São José do Rio Preto [ 20°48’S , 49°22’W ] , 1 male , F. Correa , 26 February 2001 ( IBSP 11195 ) ; São Paulo [ 23°33’S , 46°37’W ] , 1 male , E. Miranda , ref. 67775 ( IBSP 6420 ) ; 1 female , R . F. Santos , 8 July 1985 , ref. 49505 ; 1 female , J. M. Sarmento , 19 January 1978 , ref. 22250 ( IBSP 4300 ) ; 1 male , Lacerda J., 19 March 1986 , ref. 51060 ( IBSP 4912 ) ; São Paulo , Jabaquara [ 23°38’S , 46°38’W ] , 1 female , F. F. Lima , ref. 69384 ( IBSP 6429 ) ; São Paulo , Vila Olimpia [ 23°35’S , 46°41’W ] , 1 male , G. Laurindo , ref. 67368 ( IBSP 6426 ) ; Taboão da Serra [ 23°37’S , 46°46’W ] , 1 female ( IBSP ref. 83615); Taubaté [ 23°1’S , 45°33’W ] , 1 male ( IBSP Ref. 75221) ; 1 female , J. Chembino , 20 September 1948 ( IBSP 1622 ) ; 1 male , E. F. Pires, 19 March 1986 , ref. 51008; 1 female , T . Aparecido , June 1984 , ref. 47134 ( IBSP 4825 ) ; 1 male , 1 female , without collector and date ( IBSP 4189 ) ; 1 female , P.M. de Taubaté , ref. 64507 ( IBSP 6410 ) ; 1 male , C. Bombeiros , ref. 58710 ( IBSP 6395 ) ; 2 males , Corpo de Bombeiros , 31 July 1986 , ref. 52592 , 1 male , R . Kaimoff , March 1985 , ref. 48631 ( IBSP 4867 ) ; Serra de Taubaté , 1 male , J. L. Bagetto , ref. 51192 ( IBSP 6375 ) ; 1 female , G. A. Botelho , ref. 52840 ( IBSP 6378 ) ; 1 female , R . Haimott , ref. 65242 ( IBSP 6415 ) ; Paraná : Araucaria [ 25°35’S , 49°24’W ] , 1 male , without collector and date ( IBSP 2260 ) . FIGURES 98─99. 98, Lasiodora curtior Chamberlin, 1917 , holotype female (MCZ 63), spermathecae. 99, Lasiodora differens Chamberlin, 1917 , holotype female (MCZ 66), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm. Illustrations by Kátia Faria. Redescription. Male (IBSP 4595). Carapace 20.60 long, 19.99 wide, chelicera 9.94. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 20.41, 10.10, 15.64, 16.21, 9.65, 72.01. II: 19.24, 9.21, 15.12, 15.99, 8.95, 68.51. III: 17.14, 8.12, 14.00, 16.98, 8.68, 64.92. IV: 20.50, 8.92, 17.78, 23.36, 9.85, 80.41. Palp: 12.73, 7.04, 10.38, –, 4.42, 34.57. Midwidths: femora I–IV = 3.80, 3.71, 4.71, 3.69, palp = 2.74; patellae I–IV = 3.75, 4.00, 3.91, 3.76, palp = 3.05; tibiae I–IV = 3.36, 2.80, 2.98, 2.67, palp = 3.15; metatarsi I–IV = 1.96, 1.92, 1.82, 1.85; tarsi I–IV = 1.76, 1.68, 1.71, 1.33, palp = 3.19. Abdomen 19.70 long, 13.14 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.45 long, 1.07 wide, 0.77 apart; PLS, 3.72 basal, 2.75 middle, 3.93 distal; midwidths 1.28, 1.14, 0.89, respectively. Carapace: 1.03 longer than wide; cephalic area moderately raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea 3.47 wide. Eyes and eye tubercle: Tubercle 0.98 high, 2.04 long, 2.86 wide. Clypeus 0.46 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.63, ALE 0.76, PME 0.45, PLE 0.66, AME–AME 0.40, AME–ALE 0.38, AME–PME 0.21, ALE–ALE 1.87, ALE–PME 0.54, PME–PME 1.45, PME–PLE 0.17, PLE–PLE 2.13, ALE–PLE 0.42, AME–PLE 0.53. Eye group 2.86 wide, 1.52 long. Maxillae: Length 6.42, width 4.00. Cuspules: ca. 231 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 2.57 long, 3.17 wide, with ca. 113 cuspules spaced by ca. one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicera: basal segment with 13 teeth in row on promargin and denticles on basal area. Sternum: 8.63 long, 8.16 wide. FIGURES 100─105. Lasiodora mariannae Mello-Leitão, 1921 , lectotype male (MZUSP 151) (100–101) left palp bulb. 100, retrolateral. 101, prolateral. (102─103) left coxa I, prolateral. 102, general view. 103, detail of stridulatory setae. 104, left maxilla, retrolateral. 105, left tibial apophysis, ventral. Scale bar = 1mm. FIGURES 106 ─ 109. Lasiodora mariannae Mello-Leitão, 1921 , paralectotype female (MZUSP 151). (106–107) right coxa I, prolateral. 106, general view, 107, detail of stridulatory setae. 108, right maxilla, retrolateral. 109, spermathecae, dorsal. Scale bar = 1 mm. Legs : leg formula: IV I II III. Length leg IV to I: 1.11. Stridulatory apparatus: Retrolateral maxilla: small spiniform setae on distal upper area, interspersed with plumose setae, middle and lower areas lacking spiniform setae ( Figs 82 ─83). Leg I prolateral coxa: confluence of sutures region with several reddish, slender, slightly spatulate stridulatory setae (Figs 84─85). Region above sutures with plumose setae and some curved spiniform setae. Region below sutures covered by plumose setae having no incrassate base (Fig. 86). Coxa I retrolateral face covered with plumose setae and a group of small spiniform setae on upper region. Retrolateral face of coxae II─ III lacking small spiniform setae. Coxa II prolateral face with same apparatus as in leg I, in coxae III and IV , the stridulatory setae are very slender. Scopula : Tarsi I– IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulated; III 1 /2, IV 1 /5 distal. Metatarsus IV divided by row of 3–4 setae. Spination : palp: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-1-0, p3-3-1; leg I: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-0-1ap, metatarsus v0-0-1ap; leg II: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v2-1-3ap, p1-0-1; metatarsus v1-0-4(3ap), p1-0-0; leg III : femur p0-0-1, r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-2-2(1ap), p1-1-1, r1-1-1, metatarsus v3-2-4ap, p1-1-1, r0-1-1; leg IV: femur r0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-2-5(3ap), p1-1-0, r1-0-0, metatarsus v20(2ap), p1-1-0, r0-1- 1. Urticating setae: Position , type and length range: MA, I, 0.41–0.45; LA, I, 0.31–0.45; MM , III , 0.83–0.85; LM, I, 0.30–0.39; MP, III, 0.82–0.88; LP, I, 0.34–0.38. Palp ( Figs 76 –78). Palpal bulb pyriform, embolus slightly shorter than tegulum length, slightly flattened laterally at distal region, apex short and slender. Prolateral keels present. PS forming embolus edge distally. A short. R sharp, not pronounced, with wavy edge. SA well developed. Bifid tibial spur (Figs 79─80) with two processes originating from common base, both straight, retrolateral longest and with a curvature at its distal portion. A single, flattened, rhomboidal spine contiguous to the internal upper face of retrolateral process, and four such spines at the internal face of prolateral process. Metatarsus I curved on its basal third, when folded touches apex of retrolateral process. FIGURES 110 ─ 113. Lasiodora difficilis Mello-Leitão, 1921 , lectotype female (MZUSP 139). (110–111) right coxa I, prolateral. 110, general view. 111, detail of stridulatory setae. 112, right maxilla, retrolateral. 113, spermathecae, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm. Color pattern (in alcohol): Carapace and chelicerae black. Carapace bordered with scattered light brown long setae, chelicerae with some long light brown setae. Legs black with sparse light brown long setae. Coxae of legs ventrally and sternum reddish brown, covered with short black setae. Labium and maxillae reddish brown. Abdomen dorsally and ventrally black with abundant long reddish setae. Femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of legs and palp with very discrete light stripes. Apex of leg segments with discrete whitish rings on apex. Redescription. Female (IBSP 4574). Carapace 21.78 long, 21.17 wide, chelicera 13.37. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 16.88, 9.91, 12.94, 11.26, 7.18, 58.17. II: 15.29, 8.88, 11.14, 10.68, 6.61, 52.60. III: 13.97, 8.27, 10.07, 11.02, 6.70, 50.03. IV: 16.87, 8.81, 13.41, 16.33, 7.39, 62.81. Palp: 12.20, 7.41, 9.01, –, 8.04, 36.66. Midwidths: femora I–IV = 3.89, 3.90, 4.35, 3.68, palp = 2.99; patellae I–IV = 4.09, 4.07, 3.98, 3.98, palp = 3.41; tibiae I–IV = 3.57, 3.34, 3.55, 3.33, palp = 3.18; metatarsi I–IV = 2.65, 2.56, 2.47, 2.22; tarsi I–IV = 2.51, 2.39, 2.45, 2.34, palp = 2.50. Abdomen 31.80 long, 24.42 wide. Spinnerets: PMS missing on both sides; PLS, 4.76 basal, 2.48 middle, 3.92 distal; midwidths 1.73, 1.37, 1.23, respectively. Carapace: 1.03 longer than wide; cephalic area noticeably raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: 3.12 wide. Eyes and eye tubercle: Tubercle 0.82 high, 2.29 long, 3.38 wide. Clypeus 0.74 wide. Anterior eye row procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.65, ALE 0.80, PME 0.55, PLE 0.78, AME–AME 0.64, AME–ALE 0.52, AME–PME 0.23, ALE–ALE 2.17, ALE–PME 0.71, PME–PME 1.56, PME–PLE 0.12, PLE–PLE 2.45, ALE–PLE 0.50, AME–PLE 0.66. Eye group 3.31 wide, 1.77 long. Maxillae: Length 7.59, width 4.50. Cuspules: ca. 332 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium 3.11 long, 4.06 wide, with 190 cuspules spaced by ca. one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Chelicerae: basal segment with 14 teeth in row on promargin and denticles on basal area. Sternum: 9.92 long, 9.09 wide. FIGURES 114 ─ 117. Lasiodora erythrocythara Mello-Leitão, 1921 , holotype female (MNRJ 50). (114–115) left coxa I, prolateral. 114, general view. 115, detail of stridulatory setae. 116, left maxilla, retrolateral. 117, spermathecae, dorsal. Scale bar = 1 mm. Legs : formula: I = IV II III . Length leg IV to I: 1.08. Stridulatory apparatus: Retrolateral maxilla: small spiniform setae on the upper distal area, interspersed with plumose setae, middle and lower areas lacking spiniform setae ( Figs 87 ─88). Leg I prolateral coxa: confluence of sutures region with several reddish, slightly spatulate, slender stridulatory setae (Figs 89─90). Region above sutures with plumose setae and some curved spiniform setae. Region below sutures covered with plumose setae having no incrassate base (Fig. 91). Coxa I retrolateral covered with plumose setae and a group of small spiniform setae on the upper region. Retrolateral face of coxae II─ III lacking spiniform setae. Coxa II prolateral with same apparatus as in coxa I, in legs III and IV , the stridulatory setae are very slender. Scopula : Tarsi I – IV fully scopulate. Metatarsi I –II fully scopulated; III 1 /2, IV 1 /6 distal. Metatarsus IV divided by row of 5–6 setae. Spination: palp: femur p0-0-1ap, patella 0, tibia v0-5-3ap, p1-1-1; leg I: femur p0-0-1, patella 0, tibia v0-0-2ap, metatarsus v0-0-1ap; leg II: femur 0, patella 0, tibia v0-1-2ap, p0-1-1, metatarsus v1-0- 3ap, p1-0-0; leg III : femur 0, patella 0, tibia v2-2-2ap, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, metatarsus v2-2-4ap, p2-0-1, r0-1-1; leg IV : femur 0, patella 0, tibia v0-2-6(2ap), p1-1-0, r1-1-0, metatarsus v26(4ap), p1-0-1, r0-1-1. Urticating setae: Position, type and length range: MA, I, 0.29–0.33; LA, I, 0.27–0.29; MM , III , 0.69–0.74, some type I, 0.44–0.50; LM, I, 0.40 –0.47, some type III , 0.59–0.78. MP and LP regions bald. FIGURES 118 ─ 120. Lasiodora cristata ( Mello-Leitão, 1923 ) , holotype female (MNRJ 14009). 118, left coxa I, prolateral. 119, left maxilla, retrolateral. 120, spermathecae, dorsal. Scale bar = 1mm. FIGURES 121 ─ 122. Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 , live. 121, male, Monteiro Lobato, state of São Paulo, Brazil. 122, female, Igarata, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Photos: Rogério Bertani. FIGURES 123─124. Maps showing records of Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 in Southeastern Brazil. 123, relief. 124, biomes. Forested areas on Fig. 124 are in green shades (Brazilian Atlantic Forest). Brown areas are of Cerrado. “?” represents dubious record. Spermathecae (Fig. 81): Two short spermathecae separated by heavily sclerotized short area, spermathecal stalk slightly narrower than elongated spermathecal bulb. Color pattern (in alcohol): As in male, except: Legs black with abundant light brown long setae. Abdomen dorsally and ventrally with abundant long light brown setae. Apex of leg segments with whitish rings on apex. Morphological variation. Lasiodora benedeni males normally have a slender and long bulb embolus with a slender apex ( Figs 76 ─78). Females have slender spermathecae normally closely positioned (Fig. 81). However, some variation was found mainly on the spermathecae, which, sometimes, have their bulbs wider. This normally happens in specimens with very sclerotized spermathecae (pers. obs.) (Fig. 117). Remarks. The type of L. benedeni Bertkau, 1880 is probably lost, as the majority of the non-European types of Bertkau ( Levi 1991: 203 ). Fortunately, Bertkau (1880) published an illustration of the spermathecae, something unusual at that time ( Fig. 75 ). He also gave measurements of cephalothorax ( 20 mm ) and abdomen ( 26 mm ) indicating it was a large specimen, and specified the type locality as Chapeu d’Uvas, a small town close to Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais , Brazil . With fresh specimens from the region of the type locality and having the information on spermathecae shape and the large size of the type , it is possible to identify the species and to consider it valid. Moreover, it is the only Lasiodora species distributed for a large area around the type locality. The holotype female of Lasiodora differens Chamberlin, 1917 has a stridulatory apparatus with slender reddish setae on coxae I and II, and spermathecae bulbs are slender (Fig. 99). The type locality is in the distribution of L. benedeni , even though on its western extreme. Thus, I consider L. differens Chamberlin, 1917 a junior synonym of L. benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . The holotype female of Lasiodora curtior Chamberlin, 1917 has stridulatory apparatus with slender reddish setae on the coxae I and II and spermathecae bulbs are slender ( Fig. 98 ). The type locality in Vassouras, state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , is compatible with the distribution of L. benedeni . Therefore, I consider L. curtior Chamberlin, 1917 a junior synonim of L. benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . The syntypes of L. mariannae are male and female, both from Mariana, state of Minas Gerais , Brazil . The specimens are very fragmented, but the diagnostic structures are preserved. The stridulatory apparatus of the lectotype is formed by a group of slender, reddish setae on coxa I (Figs 102─103) and the spiniform setae on retrolateral maxilla are distributed only on the upper area of the segment (Fig. 104). The male bulb has the apex of bulb slender ( Figs 100 ─101). The paralectotype female has the same structure of stridulatory apparatus ( Figs 106 ─108) and the spermathecae bulbs are slender (Fig. 109). All these characters are compatible with those of L. benedeni , therefore, I consider L. mariannae Mello-Leitão, 1921 a junior synonym of Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . Mello-Leitão (1921) described male and female of Lasiodora difficilis collected by Cleophas in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . Just two years after, Mello-Leitão (1923) redescribed the species and stated the male is from the state of Ceará and only the female was collected by Cleophas, in the state of São Paulo . Only the female was found at the MZUSP, and, as the male is probably lost, the female MZUSP 139 is herein designated as lectotype . As diagnostic characters, such as the stridulatory apparatus ( Figs 110 ─112) and spermathecae (Fig. 113), are compatible with L. benedeni , I consider Lasiodora difficilis Mello-Leitão, 1921 a junior synonym of Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . The holotype female of Lasiodora erythrocythara Mello-Leitão, 1921 (MNRJ 50), from state of São Paulo , Brazil , is very fragmented and darkened. However, the stridulatory apparatus ( Figs 114 ─116) and spermathecae (Fig. 117) are preserved and are compatible with those of L. benedeni . Therefore, I consider Lasiodora erythrocythara Mello-Leitão, 1921 a junior synonym of Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . The holotype female of Acanthoscurria cristata Mello-Leitão, 1923 deposited at MNRJ has the label handwritten by the author, stating “Typo” and “ São Paulo ” instead of Ceará , as in the original description. The specimen has the stridulatory apparatus ( Figs 118 ─119) and spermathecae (Fig. 120) compatible with those of L. benedeni Bertkau, 1880 , species that can be found in the state of São Paulo , but not in the state of Ceará . Thus, I believe a mistake occurred and the real type locality is São Paulo . Due to the agreement in diagnostic characters, I consider Acanthoscurria cristata Mello-Leitão, 1923 a junior synonym of Lasiodora benedeni Bertkau, 1880 . Distribution. Brazil , southeastern state of Minas Gerais , western state of Rio de Janeiro to eastern state of São Paulo mainly in areas on the Mantiquera mountain range ( Figs 123 ─124). In the state of São Paulo , they are found on the two mountain ranges on the borders of the River Paraiba do Sul valley, the Mantiqueira Range to the west and the Serra do Mar to the east, until close to the Capital of the state, São Paulo . Scattered records for the west and south of the state of São Paulo and Paraná ( Figs 123 ─124) are questionable (see distribution and notes on natural history of Lasiodora above). Natural history. Lasiodora benedeni is found mainly in areas of Brazilian Atlantic Forest that covers the Mantiquera Mountains Range ( Figs 123 ─124). The area of distribution of this species matches some of the more populated Brazilian municipalities ( Figs 123 ─124), but the species seems to be able to survive in regions with a certain level of anthropization, mainly in rural areas and the borders of large cities, where vegetation still remains. The higher areas of the Mantiquera mountain range and Serra do Mar are of little economic interest and are more conserved, allowing the presence of this species.