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<mods:title id="AD778AF94F1F1096EF91A89C4BDB16D5">An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692192CFFB4D29FFDB0FE174B68" ID-CoL="8F3JT" authority="(Stenhammar)" baseAuthorityName="Stenhammar" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[151,400,582,609]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Bifronsina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifrons">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D29FFDB0FF6E4B68" bold="true" box="[151,233,582,609]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">bifrons</emphasis>
(Stenhammar)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="33EBFE9A192CFFB4D2CFFD9DFCC14BF8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11192CFFB4D2CFFD9DFD194B8C" blockId="50.[151,1437,582,861]" box="[199,670,618,645]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="5BE18A3F192CFFB4D2CFFD9DFD194B8C" box="[199,670,618,645]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00192CFFB4D2CFFD9DFD1D4B8C" author="Stenhammar, Ch." box="[199,666,618,645]" page="401" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" year="1854">
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692192CFFB4D2CFFD9DFD1D4B8C" ID-CoL="8YTFV" authority="Stenhammar, 1854: 401" authorityName="Stenhammar" authorityPageNumber="401" authorityYear="1854" box="[199,666,618,645]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Limosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifrons">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D2CFFD9DFE034B8C" box="[199,388,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Limosina bifrons</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0192CFFB4D384FD9DFD1D4B8C" author="Stenhammar, Ch." box="[396,666,618,645]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="257 - 442" refId="ref87361" refString="Stenhammar, Ch. (1854) Skandinaviens Copromyzinae granskade och beskrifne. Kongliga Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Series 3, 1853, 257 - 442." type="journal article" year="1854">Stenhammar, 1854: 401</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="5BE18A3F192CFFB4D2CFFD79FC164BA0" box="[199,913,654,681]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00192CFFB4D2CFFD79FD274BA0" author="Causton, C. E. &amp; Peck, S. B. &amp; Sinclair, B. J. &amp; Roque-Albelo, L. &amp; Hodgson, C. J. &amp; Landry, B." box="[199,672,654,681]" page="135" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" year="2006">
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692192CFFB4D2CFFD79FD274BA0" ID-CoL="8F3JT" authority=": Causton et al. 2006: 135" authorityName="Causton" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="2006" box="[199,672,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Spelobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifrons">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D2CFFD79FEF94BA0" box="[199,382,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spelobia bifrons</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0192CFFB4D385FD79FD274BA0" author="Causton, C. E. &amp; Peck, S. B. &amp; Sinclair, B. J. &amp; Roque-Albelo, L. &amp; Hodgson, C. J. &amp; Landry, B." box="[397,672,654,681]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="121 - 143" refId="ref72713" refString="Causton, C. E., Peck, S. B., Sinclair, B. J., Roque-Albelo, L., Hodgson, C. J. &amp; Landry, B. (2006) Alien insects: threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 99 (1), 121 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2006) 099 [0121: AITAIF] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
Causton 
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D3F8FD79FDA64BA0" box="[496,545,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2006: 135
</bibRefCitation>
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[introduced species].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11192CFFB4D2CFFD45FC464BC4" blockId="50.[151,1437,582,861]" box="[199,961,690,717]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="5BE18A3F192CFFB4D2CFFD45FC464BC4" box="[199,961,690,717]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00192CFFB4D2CFFD45FCB24BC4" author="Rohacek, J. &amp; Marshall, S. A. &amp; Norrbom, A. L. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Quiros, D. I. &amp; Smith, I." box="[199,821,690,717]" page="253" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" year="2001">
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692192CFFB4D2CFFD45FCB24BC4" ID-CoL="8F3JT" authority=": Rohacek et al. 2001: 253" authorityName="Rohacek" authorityPageNumber="253" authorityYear="2001" box="[199,821,690,717]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Spelobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifrons" subGenus="Bifronsina">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D2CFFD45FEAE4BC4" box="[199,297,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spelobia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D331FD45FE294BC4" box="[313,430,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bifronsina</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D3B7FD45FD8A4BC4" box="[447,525,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">bifrons</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0192CFFB4D014FD45FCB24BC4" author="Rohacek, J. &amp; Marshall, S. A. &amp; Norrbom, A. L. &amp; Buck, M. &amp; Quiros, D. I. &amp; Smith, I." box="[540,821,690,717]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref85929" refString="Rohacek, J., Marshall, S. A., Norrbom, A. L., Buck, M., Quiros, D. I. &amp; Smith, I. (2001) World Catalog of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Slezske Zemske Muzeum, Opava, 414 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Roháček 
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D08DFD45FD314BC4" box="[645,694,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2001: 253
</bibRefCitation>
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[catalogue].
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11192CFFB4D2CFFD21FCC14BF8" blockId="50.[151,1437,582,861]" box="[199,838,726,753]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="5BE18A3F192CFFB4D2CFFD21FCC14BF8" box="[199,838,726,753]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00192CFFB4D2CFFD21FD3D4BF8" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Rohacek, J. &amp; Dong, H. &amp; Buck, M." box="[199,698,726,753]" page="235" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" year="2011">
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692192CFFB4D2CFFD21FD3D4BF8" ID-CoL="8F3JT" authority=": Marshall et al. 2011: 235" authorityName="Marshall" authorityPageNumber="235" authorityYear="2011" box="[199,698,726,753]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Bifronsina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifrons">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D2CFFD21FE164BF8" box="[199,401,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bifronsina bifrons</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0192CFFB4D3A8FD21FD3D4BF8" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Rohacek, J. &amp; Dong, H. &amp; Buck, M." box="[416,698,726,753]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="217 - 298" refId="ref81329" refString="Marshall, S. A., Rohacek, J., Dong, H. &amp; Buck, M. (2011) The state of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera: Acalyptratae): a world catalog update covering the years 2000 - 2010, with new generic synonymy, new combinations, and new distributions. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 51 (1), 217 - 298." type="journal article" year="2011">
Marshall 
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D003FD21FDBB4BF8" box="[523,572,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 235
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[catalogue].
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33EBFE9A192CFFB4D2CFFD0CFC244A1C" box="[199,931,762,789]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11192CFFB4D2CFFD0CFC244A1C" blockId="50.[151,1437,582,861]" box="[199,931,762,789]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D2CFFD0CFEE64A1D" bold="true" box="[199,353,762,788]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</emphasis>
Introduced. Cosmopolitan; 
<collectingRegion id="B93563F3192CFFB4D093FD0DFC914A1C" box="[667,790,763,789]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
: Santa Cruz.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33EBFE9A192CFFB4D2CFFCE9FE574A54" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11192CFFB4D2CFFCE9FE574A54" blockId="50.[151,1437,582,861]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="49857103192CFFB4D2CFFCE9FEBC4A30" bold="true" box="[199,315,799,825]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species is commonly associated with humans, with adults found on decaying vegetable matter and dung (
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0192CFFB4D305FCB5FE434A54" author="Marshall, S. A." box="[269,452,834,861]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 101" refId="ref81056" refString="Marshall, S. A. (1985 b) A revision of the genus Spelobia Spuler (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) in North America and Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 111 (1), 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1985">Marshall 1985b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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