The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae) Author Miller, Jeremy A. Author Griswold, Charles E. Author Scharff, Nikolaj Author Řezac, Milan Author Szűts, Tamas Author Marhabaie, Mohammad text ZooKeys 2012 195 1 144 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342 1313-2970-195-1 Gandanameno sp. Figs 1E, F4 D-F9E-H13D-F1747-5052- 61S2, S3 Description. Male (Harare, Zimbabwe, AcAT 2005/123, NCA): Male carapace with scattered white setae, cephalic region subrectangular, about as long as wide, slightly raised; AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.63), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal and vertical axes; ALE tubercles absent, PER nearly as wide as AER (PER/AER 0.95), PLE position on carapace 0.23; clypeal hood forms obtuse angle; fovea deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, without lateral boss (Fig. 56 B-D ; note that all other males examined have a cheliceral boss, Fig. 56E, F). Legs without conspicuous white setae; with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus I-IV . Abdomen dark without conspicuous white setae (Figs 9E, F, 47 A-D ). Male palp with dorsal-ventral axis; tegulum disc-shaped; conductor arises on stalk from center of tegulum, with arching prolateral and retrolateral arms covering much of anterior portion of palpal bulb, retrolateral arm with fringed posterior margin; embolus makes ca. three loops, long and flexible, fits into groove originating on prolateral arm of conductor; cymbium without distinct macrosetae (Figs 13 D-F , 48 A-F , 55 A-E , S2 A-J ). Female (Iringa, Tanzania, ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC): Female carapace without conspicuous white setae; cephalic region subrectangular, longer than wide, slightly raised, AME distinctly smaller than PME (AME/PME 0.58), median eyes slightly overlapping on horizontal axis, adjacent on vertical axis; ALE tubercles absent, PER as wide as AER (PER/AER 1.03), PLE position on carapace 0.20; clypeal hood forms obtuse angle; fovea deep. Chelicerae contiguous mesally, with lateral boss. Legs without conspicuous white setae; legs with row of distal ventral macrosetae on metatarsus III-IV . Abdomen without conspicuous white setae (Figs 4E, F, 9G, H, 47 E-P ). Epigynum bell-shaped, with pair of semicircular atria on posterior margin separated by hirsute cuticle (Figs 17 A-C , 59A, B, S2K, L, S3 A-F , H-L ). Vulva with copulatory ducts making three loops leading to anterior complex of spermatheca and spermathecal head. Fertilization duct runs posteriorly through the copulatory duct loops (Figs 17 D-F , 59 C-F , S3G). Spinneret spigot morphology. (Iringa, Tanzania, ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC; Hanover, South Africa, SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM and SAM 9465, SAM): Female ALS with at least 7-8 MAP within and along inner edge of spinning field of 50-80 PI (Fig. 57B); male with 1 MAP within and 3 along inner edge of spinning field of about 40 PI spigots (Figs 60B, 61A). Female PMS longitudinally elongate, transversely bilobed, with 2-3 anterior mAP, between these 2-3 AC, posterior to this on anterior and posterior lobes a dense field of more than 40 (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958) to 55 (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) short, squat, conical CY spigots (Figs 57C, 58E, F); male PMS small, oval, with 2 mAP and 4 AC (Figs 60C, 61D). Female PLS with anterobasal MS without accompanying spigot and distal field of 9-15 AC (Figs 57D, 58C); male same (Figs 60D, 61B, C). Male cribellar plate with no sign of spigots (Fig. 60E, F); epiandrous gland spigots present (Fig. 61E, F). Cribellar plate divided medially, although some hint of subdivision into four fields of spigots (as in Dresserus ) is evident (Fig. 57E). Figure 47. A-P Gandanameno sp., habitus, photomicrographs. A-D male from Harare, Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA), images reversed E-H female from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) I-L female from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) M-P female from Eierfontein, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM) A, E, I, M dorsal view B, F, J, N ventral view C, G, K, O anterior view D, H, L, P lateral view. Figure 48. A-F Gandanameno sp., illustrations of left male palp. A-C from Naauwpoort, North West Province, South Africa (SAM 1600, SAM) D from Van Riebeeck Park, Western Cape, South Africa (CASENT 9023763, CAS) E from Graaff-Reinet, Eastern Cape, South Africa (SAM 12571, SAM) F from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM) A obliquely retrolateral view B, D-F ventral view C obliquely prolateral view. All images at the same scale. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum. Figure 49. Distribution of Gandanameno . Type localities are numbered circles, males are squares (if with letters, these refer to illustrations in Fig. 48), non-type females are filled circles. Type localities: circle 2 Eresus bubo L. Koch, 1865; circle 3 Eresus inornatus Pocock, 1898; circle 4 Eresus spenceri Pocock, 1900; circle 5 Eresus echinatus Purcell, 1908; circle 6 Eresus namaquensis Purcell, 1908; circle 7 Eresus depressus Tucker, 1920; circle 8 Eresus purcelli Tucker, 1920; type locality of Eresus fumosus C. L. Koch, 1837 is reported simply as "Afrika" and no type specimen is known ( Lehtinen 1967 : 235). Localities of males illustrated in Fig. 48: square A Fig. 48 A-C square D Fig. 48D square E Fig. 48E square F Fig. 48F. Ellipsoids indicate regions for size chart Fig. 50, region names are for convenience only. Figure 50. Carapace height plotted against carapace length for adult female Gandanameno specimens from eight regions: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Gauteng, Hanover, Namaqualand, Namibia, and Port Elizabeth. Regions circumscribed in Fig. 49; sample size given in parentheses. Symbol shape indicates region while symbol darkness indicates presence and strength of cuspules. Specimens were scored as having cuspules absent, having medium to strong cuspules only on the legs, having a mixture of medium and strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and/or legs, and having exclusively strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and legs. As reflected in the legend, not all degrees of spinulation were observed in all regions. Figure 51. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the spider family Eresidae based on mixed model analysis (eight data partitions, manually adjusted alignment; see Miller et al. 2010a ); outgroups not shown, see Fig. S1. For the genus Gandanameno , DNA specimen codes are substituted for taxonomic name and specimens are linked to their collection locality in southern Africa. Male specimens indicated by male symbol, female specimens indicated either by a female symbol or a square, the darkness of which indicates the strength and presence of cuspules, scored as in Fig. 50. Branches drawn proportional to change. Numbers at nodes are percent posterior probabilities of 50 or greater. Figure 52. A-F Gandanameno sp., femur, left leg I of female, retrolateral view, scanning electron micrographs. A, C, E overview B, D, F detail of setae A, B from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) C, D from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) E, F from Eierfontein, Eastern Cape, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM). Figure 53. A-F Gandanameno sp., prosoma and coxae of female, scanning electron micrographs. A, C, E detail of setae on prosoma B, F right coxae I and II D left coxae I and II, image reversed to appear as right coxae A, B from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) C, D from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) E, F from Eierfontein, Eastern Cape, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM). Figure 54. A-F Gandanameno sp., sternum of female, scanning electron micrographs A, C, E overview of sternum B, D, F detail of setae on sternum A, B from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) C, D from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958, SAM) E, F from Eierfontein, South Africa (SAM-12823, SAM). Figure 55. A-F Gandanameno sp. from Harare, Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA), scanning electron micrographs, right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D apical view E detail of distal tip of conductor F palpal tibia, dorsal view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum. Figure 56. A-F Gandanameno sp., scanning electron micrographs of prosoma and chelicerae. A-D male from Harare, Zimbabwe (AcAT 2005/123, NCA) E, F male from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM) A prosoma, anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood B prosoma, lateral view C, E left chelicerae, lateral view, arrow in E indicates cheliceral boss D detail of left chelicerae showing absence of cheliceral boss F detail of left chelicerae showing cheliceral boss. Figure 57. A-F Gandanameno sp. from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC), scanning electron micrographs of female spinnerets. A overview B right ALS C right PMS D left PLS E cribellum F cribellar spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret CR cribellum CY cylindrical gland spigot MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot n nubbin PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret t tartipore. Figure 58. A-F Gandanameno sp., scanning electron micrographs. A-E female from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) F female from Hanover, South Africa (SAM-ENW-B006896/9958) A, B prosoma C-F details of spinneret spigots A anterior view, arrow indicates clypeal hood B left cheliceral boss C detail of modified spigots on right female PLS D detail of spigots on anterior part of right female PMS E detail of cylindrical gland spigots on posterior part of left female PMS F right PMS. AC aciniform gland spigot CY cylindrical gland spigot MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot n nubbin PI piriform gland spigot t tartipore. Figure 59. A-F Scanning electron micrographs of epigynum and vulva of Gandanameno sp. A, B from Iringa, Tanzania (ZMUC 19970530, ZMUC) C-F from Kommetjie, Cape Town, South Africa (CASENT 9039241, CAS) A epigynum, ventral view B detail of right copulatory opening, ventral view C cleared vulva, dorsal view D detail of right spermatheca and spermathecal head E detail, right spermatheca F detail, right spermathecal head. CD copulatory duct FD fertilization duct S spermatheca SH spermathecal head. Figure 60. A-F Gandanameno sp. from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM), scanning electron micrographs of male spinnerets. A overview B left ALS C right PMS D left PLS E vestigial cribellum F detail of vestigial cribellum. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret n nubbin t tartipore. Figure 61. A-F Gandanameno sp. from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM), scanning electron micrographs of male spinnerets. A detail of spigots on left ALS B left PLS C detail of spigots on left PLS D detail of spigots on left PMS E epiandrous region F detail of epiandrous gland spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot.