A review of Cunaxidae (Acariformes, Trombidiformes): Histories and diagnoses of subfamilies and genera, keys to world species, and some new locality records Author Skvarla, Michael J. Department of Entomology, 319 AGRI Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA Author Fisher, J. Ray Department of Entomology, 319 AGRI Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA Author Dowling, Ashley P. G. Department of Entomology, 319 AGRI Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA text ZooKeys 2014 2014-06-20 418 1 103 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.418.7629 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.418.7629 1313-2970-418-1 D71C8A3DA6CA40A5B3A034A1FD1C16A0 F034FFA3FFAFFFBEB578C42DD65AFFA2 578347 Scutopalus Den Heyer, 1979 Historical review. Den Heyer (1979c) erected Scutopalus for Scutopalus arboreus and Scutopalus latisetosus . Shiba (1978) described Cunaxoides clavatus . Kuznetzov and Livshitz (1979) described Cunaxoides trepidus . Tseng (1980) described Neocunaxoides osseus and Neocunaxoides unguianalis . Gupta and Ghosh (1980) described Neocunaxoides pradhani . Smiley (1992) synonymized Scutopalus with Neocunaxoides and transferred Cunaxoides trepidus to Neocunaxoides . Corpuz-Raros (1996c) described Neocunaxoides makapalus , Neocunaxoides philippinensis , and Neocunaxoides rugosus . Lin and Zhang (2000) recorded Neocunaxoides clavatus from tea in China. Sionti and Papadoulis (2003) described Neocunaxoides abiesae and Neocunaxoides smolikensis . Bashir and Afzal (2004b) described Neocunaxoides gilbertoi . Castro and Den Heyer (2009) transferred Pulaeus trepidus (= Neounaxoides trepidus ) to Scutopalus . Rocha et al. (2013) described Scutopalus tomentosus and transferred Neocunaxoides makapalus , Neocunaxoides philippinensis , Neocunaxoides rugosus , and Neocunaxoides unguianalis to Scutopalus . Diagnosis. Gnathosoma . Pedipalps 3-segmented. Femurogenu complimented with 5 sts. Tibiotarsi at least twice as long as wide and complemented with 5 sts, 1 asl. Subterminal pointed process on pedipalp tibiotarsal claw absent; small teeth on pedipalp tibiotarsal claw absent. Subcapitulum with 6 pairs of setae ( hg1 - 4 and 2 pairs of adoral setae). Chelicera without seta. Idiosoma, dorsal . Proterosoma with a well-defined shield present, complemented with 2 pairs of setae ( lps and mps ) and 2 pairs of setose sensillae ( at and pt ). Dorsal hysterosoma with a well-defined plate fused to the proterosomal plate. Small platelets may be present laterad and posterior to the dorsal shield. Setae c1 - h1 , c2 , and h2 present. Setae f2 absent. Integument not covered in shields or plates striated. Idiosoma, ventral . Coxae well-sclerotized. Coxae I-II fused medially. Coxae III-IV fused. Genital plates each bear 4 setae ( g1 - 4 ); 2 pairs of genital papillae visible underneath the plates. A small platelet may be present laterad the genital plate. Integument not covered in shields or plates striated. Legs. Basifemora I-IV setal formula 3-4-2-0 sts. Telofemora I-IV setal formula 5-5-4-3. Tibiae III with 1 bsl, 5 sts. Tibiae IV with 5 sts (4 short, 1 long). Key to female Scutopalus (modified from Rocha et al. 2013 ). As suggested by Den Heyer (2011b) Neocunaxoides pradhani ( Gupta and Ghosh 1980 ) and Neocunaxoides gilbertoi (Bashir and Afzal 2004) are transferred to Scutopalus as they posses 5 setae on the femurogenu instead of 6 as in Neocunaxoides and have well-demarcated plates.

1	Coxae I-II faintly or totally divided ( Fig. 40a, b )	2
-	Coxae I-II fused medially ( Fig. 40c )	7
2 (1)	Coxae I-II faintly divided ( Fig. 40a )	3
-	Coxae I-II totally divided ( Fig. 40b )	4
3 (2)	Sternal shield bearing 6 pairs of setae; setae c2 and mps simple; coxae II with 2 setae; basifemora I-IV setal formula 3-3-2-0; Greece	Scutopalus abiesae Sionti & Papadoulis, 2003
-	Sternal shield bearing 5 pairs of setae; setae c2 and mps setose; coxae II with 1 setae; basifemora I-IV setal formula 2-2-2-1; South Africa	Scutopalus arboreus Den Heyer, 1979
4 (2)	At least 2 pairs of thick rod-like setae on the dorsum ( Fig. 41 ); India	Scutopalus pradhani (Gupta & Ghosh, 1980)
-	Rod-like setae on dorsal shield absent	5
5 (4)	Coxae II with 2 sts	6
-	Coxae II with 3 sts; Pakistan	Scutopalus gilbertoi (Bashir & Afzal, 2004)
6 (4)	Setae f1 and h1 on small platelets; ratio c1 : c2 2:1; genua I with 4 asl, 5 sts; genua II with 2 asl, 5 sts; South Africa	Scutopalus latisetosus Den Heyer, 1979
-	Setae f1 and h1 on integument; ratio c1 : c2 1:1; genua I with 3 asl, 5 sts; genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; Greece	Scutopalus smolikensis Sionti & Papadoulis, 2003
7 (1)	Dorsal shield smooth and/or punctate ( Fig. 42a )	8
-	Dorsal shield sparse granulate, rugose, or reticulate ( Fig. 42b-d )	12
8 (7)	Coxae II and IV with 2 setae	9
-	Coxae II and IV with 3 setae	11
9 (8)	Setae mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 clavate ( Fig. 43 ); a small subscutum situated posterior to the dorsal shield present; Malaysia	Scutopalus clavatus (Shiba, 1978)
-	Setae mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 setiform; a small subscutum situated posterior to the dorsal shield absent	10
10 (9)	Setae f1 on dorsal shield; setae lps , mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 set on tubercles ( Fig. 44 ); area between pt more heavily sclerotized, forming ridges; Taiwan	Scutopalus osseus (Tseng, 1980)
-	Setae f1 on integument; setae lps , mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 set normally; area between pt normally sclerotized, not forming ridges; Ukraine	Scutopalus trepidus (Kuznetzov & Livshitz, 1979)
11 (8)	4 pairs of hysterosomal setae around genital shield; long slender platelet laterad genital shield present; with a narrow transverse sclertie behind main shield; Philippines	Scutopalus philippinensis (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
-	3 pairs of hystersomal setae around genital shield; long slender platelet laterad genital shield absent; dorsal sclerites absent; Philippines	Scutopalus makapalus (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
12 (7)	1 or more dorsal sclerites present (behind or laterad dorsal shield); dorsal shield rugose or reticulate ( Fig. 42b, c ); basifemora IV with 1 seta; pedipalpal tibiotarsus with 6 setae present and apophysis absent	13
-	Dorsal sclerites absent; dorsal shield sparsely granulate; basifemora IV with 2 setae; pedipalpal tibiotarsus with 5 setae and a rod-shaped dorsal apophysis present; Taiwan	Scutopalus unguianalis (Tseng, 1980)
13 (12)	Dorsal shield rugose ( Fig. 42b ); setae f1 and h1 on integument; dorsal setae (except c2 and h2 ) distally rod-like (slightly clavate), with minute barbs; narrow transverse shield behind main dorsal shield present; Philippines	Scutopalus rugosus (Corpuz-Raros, 1996)
-	Dorsal shield reticulate ( Fig. 42c ); setae f1 and h1 on small platelets; dorsal setae (except c2 and h2 ) broad and serrate; sclerites laterad and behind dorsal shield present; Brazil	Scutopalus tomentosus Rocha, Skvarla & Ferla, 2013

Figures 40-44. Scutopalus key illustrations. 40a Coxae I-II faintly divided 40b Coxae I-II totally divided 41 Coxae I-II fused medially 42 Dorsal shield with thick, rod-like setae present 43 Dorsal shield smooth or punctate 44a Dorsal shield rugose 44b Dorsal shield reticulate 44c Dorsal shield sparsely granulate 45a Setae mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 clavate 45b Setae mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 setiform 46 Setae lps , mps , c1 , c2 , d1 , e1 , f1 set on tubercles.