Illustrated identification key to females of the genus Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy recorded from Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae), in dichotomous and interactive formats, including an updated list of species and new records for the states Author Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos 0000-0001-7190-5489 Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 - 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. mayconsn@ioc.fiocruz.br Author Motta, Monique Albuquerque 0000-0001-9997-3838 Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 - 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. mmotta@ioc.fiocruz.br Author Maciel-De-Freitas, Rafael Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 - 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. & Department of Arbovirology and Entomology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Straβe 74, PLZ 20395, Hamburg, Germany. Author Xavier, Alexandre Da Silva 0000-0003-2669-2466 Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 - 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. axavier@ioc.fiocruz.br Author Lourenço-De-Oliveira, Ricardo 0000-0003-0423-5694 Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 - 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. lourenco@ioc.fiocruz.br Author Silva-Do-Nascimento, Teresa Fernandes 0000-0002-9895-7198 Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040 - 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. teresa.nascimento@ioc.fiocruz.br text Zootaxa 2024 2024-02-05 5406 2 253 287 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5406.2.3 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5406.2.3 1175-5326 10618240 F8B20BCE-9D3C-46AD-8CDE-FFDEF7CD989B chloropterus ( von Humboldt, 1819 ) (subgenus Sabethoides ) Type locality . Guayaquil River , near Borodan , Ecuador . Bionomics . Immature stages of this species occur mainly in tree holes with a small opening ( Galindo et al . 1956b ), but they have been collected in sapucaia nut oviposition traps ( Vieira et al . 2020 ). The larvae are facultative predators ( Galindo 1957 , 1958 ), observed preying on Wyeomyia arthrostigma ( Lutz, 1905 ) in bamboo traps ( Navarro & Machado-Allison 1995 ). Females are considered to be anthropophilic ( Guimarães et al . 1987 ). They can be easily collected biting humans in forest and at forest edges, both near ground level and in the canopy ( Bates 1944 ; Forattini 1965 ; Pinheiro et al . 1981 ; Clark-Gil & Darsie 1983 ; Abreu et al . 2019 ; Stanzani et al . 2023 ), and in CDC light traps ( Pecor et al . 2000 ). Arbovirus infection records . This species is usually considered to be a secondary vector of YFV in Central and South America, where it has been found naturally infected with the virus several times ( Galindo et al . 1956a ; Rodaniche & Galindo 1957b ; Rodaniche et al . 1957; Forattini 1965 ; Dégallier et al . 1992 ; Vasconcelos et al . 1997 , 1998 ; Abreu et al . 2019 ; Stanzani et al . 2023 ). It is responsible for maintaining YFV transmission during the dry season, when the primary vectors of the genus Haemagogus Williston, 1896 disappear or are very rare ( Oliveira et al. 2023 ). Sabethes chloropterus has also been detected naturally infected with St. Louis and Ilheus encephalitis viruses ( Rodaniche & Galindo 1957a ; Galindo et al . 1959 ; Hervé et al . 1986 ). Occurrence in Brazil . All Brazilian states, except Santa Catarina ( Lane & Cerqueira 1942 ; Lane 1953 ; Pinheiro et al . 1981 ; Guimarães & Arlé 1984 ; Guimarães et al . 1985 ; Forattini et al . 1986a , 1986b , 1973 ; Guimarães & Victório 1986 ; Guimarães et al . 1987 ; Xavier & Mattos 1989; Xavier et al . 1989; Carvalho et al . 1997 ; Vasconcelos et al . 1997 ; Dégallier et al . 1998 ; Fernandéz et al . 2000 ; Forattini 2002 ; Camargo-Neves et al . 2005 ; Hutchings et al . 2005 ; Gomes et al . 2008 ; Santos et al . 2008 ; Pinto et al . 2009 ; Dos Santos Silva et al . 2010 ; Alencar et al . 2011 , 2018 ; Moreno et al . 2011 ; Ribeiro et al . 2012 ; Lira-Vieira et al . 2013 ; Mascheretti et al . 2013 ; Mucci et al . 2015 ; Serra et al . 2016 ; Abreu et al . 2019 ; Cunha et al . 2019 ; Stanzani et al . 2023 ). Occurrence in other countries . Argentina , Belize , Bolivia , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Guyana , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Peru , Panama , Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago , and Venezuela ( Wilkerson et al . 2021 ).