An integrative taxonomic revision and redefinition of Gephyromantis (Laurentomantis) malagasius based on archival DNA analysis reveals four new mantellid frog species from Madagascar Author Vences, Miguel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-0817 Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany m.vences@tu-bs.de Author Koehler, Joern Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany Author Crottini, Angelica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8505-3050 CIBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, InBIO Laboratorio Associado, Campus de Vairao, Universidade do Porto, 4485 - 661 Vairao, Portugal & Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, 4099 - 002 Porto, Portugal & BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairao, 4485 - 661 Vairao, Portugal Author Hofreiter, Michael Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Universitaet Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24 - 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Author Hutter, Carl R. Museum of Natural Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Author du Preez, Louis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-6053 Unit for Environmental Sciences and Development ,, North-West University, Potchefstroom campus, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa & South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa Author Preick, Michaela Institut fuer Biochemie und Biologie, Universitaet Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24 - 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Author Rakotoarison, Andolalao Mention Zoologie et Biodiversite Animale, Universite d'Antananarivo, BP 906, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar Author Rancilhac, Lois Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Author Raselimanana, Achille P. Mention Zoologie et Biodiversite Animale, Universite d'Antananarivo, BP 906, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar & Association Vahatra, Lot V A 38 LBA Ter Ambohidempona Tsiadana, BP 3972, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar Author Rosa, Goncalo M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-8436 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW 1 4 RY, UK & Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE 3 c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749 - 016 Lisboa, Portugal Author Scherz, Mark D. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Author Glaw, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-8111 Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen (ZSM-SNSB), Muenchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Muenchen, Germany text Vertebrate Zoology 2022 2022-05-26 72 271 309 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e78830 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e78830 2625-8498-72-271 229EBA83732F477C9B2212222131274C 4D682458C96F5B899212B96F789A9403 Gephyromantis malagasius (Methuen and Hewitt, 1913) Microphryne malagasia Methuen and Hewitt, 1913b: 55 Trachymantis malagasia ventrimaculatus Angel, 1935: 205; syn. nov. Note. As discussed above, we redefine G. malagasius based on molecular data from the holotype as containing those frogs previously considered as G. ventrimaculatus (e.g., Blommers-Schloesser and Blanc 1991 ; Vences et al. 2002 ; Glaw and Vences 2007 ). These frogs are easily recognizable by their reddish-brown dorsum with highly expressed tubercular skin texture, and a highly contrasted ventral color with grayish to bluish reticulations on a deep black ground color (Fig. 13 ). A tibial gland is absent. As hypothesized in the Molecular Phylogenetics section, we assume this typical color pattern has faded in the holotype of Microphryne malagasia while its general morphology roughly agrees with the morphology of the other specimens assigned to the species, despite being of smaller size (Fig. 14 ). Vences et al. (2002) discussed the mention in the original description ( Methuen and Hewitt 1913b ) of "large white blotches" present on the "hidden surface of the thighs and tibiae", and interpreted this pattern as indicative of the reddish areas in life present on those frogs they assigned to G. malagasius . However, the described pattern might as well correspond to the contrasted markings found on the ventral side of the specimens previously considered as G. ventrimaculatus , which might have persisted in the hidden (not light-exposed) parts of the limbs at the time of the original description. Figure 13. Specimens of Gephyromantis malagasius (previously considered as G. ventrimaculatus , herein considered to be a junior synonym of G. malagasius ), in life. A , B Adult male from Ranomafana in dorsolateral and ventral view, photographed 2006, probably corresponding to voucher specimen ZSM 537/2006 (ZCMV 3362). C , D Adult male from Manombo, ZSM 2464/2007 (ZCMV 5497) in dorsolateral and ventral view, photographed 2007. E , F Adult male from Ranomafana (Vohiparara), photographed 1996, possibly corresponding to voucher specimen ZFMK 62281. G , H Adult male from Ambohitantely, not clearly assignable to a voucher specimen, photographed in 2017 in Ambohitantely Special Reserve. Not to scale. Figure 14. A , B Preserved holotype of Gephyromantis malagasius (originally named Microphryne malagasia ; specimen TMP 10076) in dorsal and ventral view. C , D Preserved lectotype of Trachymantis malagasia ventrimaculatus (MNHN 1935.172), herein considered as a junior synonym of G. malagasius . Photos C and D by Antoine Fraysse, project MNHN-RECOLNAT (ANR-11-INBS-0004), photographed in 2015 (http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/ra/1935.173) Vences et al. (2002) also provided information on the femoral gland of the G. malagasius holotype, which according to them consists of 1-2 granules (examined in external view), while the femoral glands of specimens assigned to G. ventrimaculatus were found to consist of nine granules. For this study, we unfortunately were not able to examine the gland of the Gephyromantis malagasius holotype in internal view, but a detailed look in external view (Fig. 13 ) reveals a rounded, well-defined structure, which may consist of several granules (more than the 1-2 previously reported), and clearly differs from the corresponding gland structures typical for specimens of lineage B where one or two single granules are arranged longitudinally on the ventral thigh; however, at least lineages C and D also have glands composed of more (4-7) granules, suggesting that femoral gland characteristics cannot be used to unambiguously allocate the Gephyromantis malagasius holotype to a genetic lineage. Summarizing morphometric measurements of Vences et al. (2002) and the present study, males measure 23.0-27.0 mm, females measure 29.1-29.8 mm, and the Gephyromantis malagasius holotype measures 20.2 mm SVL. We here provide bioacoustic data from Ranomafana National Park (Vohiparara) and from a second locality, Manombo. Call. The advertisement call of G. malagasius recorded at Vohiparara ( Vences et al. 2006 , CD2, track 30) from ZFMK 62281 consists of a series of very short pulsed notes and is emitted in series at regular intervals (Fig. 15 ). There is amplidude modulation within each call, with call energy increasing from the beginning of the call reaching the maximum amplitude at about 40% of its duration and from there decreasing towards its end. Pulses within notes are partly fused, but clearly countable. Within calls, notes are repeated at regular intervals. Numerical parameters of 7 analyzed calls are as follows (range followed by mean +/- standard deviation in parentheses): call duration 360-465 ms (428.4 +/- 37.2 ms); note duration 8-17 ms (12.6 +/- 2.9 ms); number of notes per call 8-10 (9.6 +/- 0.8); note repetition rate within calls 19.8-21.1 notes/second (20.5 +/- 0.5 notes/second); pulses per note 2-10 (6.2 +/- 2.1); call repetition rate within call series approximately 17-18 calls/minute; dominant frequency 2606-3516 Hz (3127 +/- 254 Hz); prevalent bandwidth 1800-6000 Hz. A second recording from 23 February 2007 (Manombo; air temperature estimated at 23-25°C) consists of a series of pulsed notes and is emitted in series at regular intervals (Fig. 16 ). There is amplidude modulation within each call, with call energy increasing from the beginning of the call reaching the maximum amplitude at about 60% of its duration and from there decreasing towards its end. Pulses within notes are partly fused, but in most notes distinct pulses are recognizable and countable. Within calls, notes are repeated at regular intervals at a high rate. Numerical parameters of 14 analyzed calls are as follows (range followed by mean +/- standard deviation in parentheses): call duration 348-446 ms (386.3 +/- 34.5 ms); note duration 9-16 ms (12.2 +/- 1.9 ms); number of notes per call 16-20 (17.5 +/- 1.6); note repetition rate within calls 42.7-45.5 notes/second (44.7 +/- 1.1 notes/second); pulses per note 2-9 (5.5 +/- 1.9); call repetition rate within call series approximately 39-44 calls/minute; dominant frequency 2916-3192 Hz (3041 +/- 107 Hz); prevalent bandwidth 1700-5500 Hz. Figure 15. Audiospectrogram and corresponding oscillogram of one advertisement call of Gephyromantis malagasius recorded at Vohiparara. The oscillogram below shows a 100 ms section of the call figured above, showing two notes and their repective pulse structure. Recording band-pass filtered at 1500-7500 Hz. Figure 16. Audiospectrogram and corresponding oscillogram of one advertisement call of Gephyromantis malagasius recorded at Manombo. The oscillogram below shows a 100 ms section of the call figured above, showing four notes and their repective pulse structure. Recording band-pass filtered at 1500-6200 Hz. Distribution. G. malagasius as redefined here is known based on genetically confirmed records from (1) the type locality Folohy, (2) Ranomafana, (3) Manombo, and (4) Befotaka-Midongy. Furthermore, morphologically identified specimens with the typical ventral pattern are known from (5) Andasibe, (6) Ambohitantely (based on phenotypically identified specimens collected by one of us [APR]; see Fig. 13G,H ), and (7) the type locality of the junior synonym Gephyromantis ventrimaculatus ("Isaka Ivondro, alt. 700 m"), which is located within or very close to the current Andohahela National Park. It is important to mention that the exact location of the type locality Folohy is uncertain. At this site, collections were made by "M. Herschell-Chauvin" in 1911 ( Methuen and Hewitt 1913b ). Methuen and Hewitt (1913a) name the collector "Monsieur Herschell-Chauvin", probably referring to the English naturalist and photographer Charles Herschell-Chauvin who worked in Tamatave (=Toamasina) in the first years of the 20th century. Methuen and Hewitt (1913a) place the locality Folohy "in the neighbourhood of Tamatave", and also Blommers-Schloesser and Blanc (1991) plot Folohy as near-coastal locality close to Toamasina in their distribution maps. Barbour and Loveridge (1929) locate Folohy "east of Lake Alaotra" for a frog specimen exchanged from the Transvaal Museum. The catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, includes a lemur specimen (MCZ 18740) collected by Frederick Roelker Wulsin in 1915, with the verbatim locality information "Folohy forest, 100 miles west of Tamatave" (https://www.idigbio.org/portal accessed 19 November 2021), which however is unlikely to be correct as it would place the site onto Madagascar's high plateau, outside the main rainforest area. Along with Blommers-Schloesser and Blanc (1991) we here assume that Folohy refers to a low- or mid-elevation site close to Toamasina. The occurrence of individuals morphologically corresponding to G. malagasius as redefined herein in Andasibe is supported by three records: one voucher specimen collected by Denis Vallan and reported in Vences et al. (2002) ; one specimen photographed by Daniel S. Moen; and one specimen photographed by Devin Edmonds in the Mitsinjo forest on 4 December 2014 (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2315204).